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Questions and Answers 



GENERAL HISTOflY. 






B. A. HATHAWAY 






Author of the "iooz Question and Answer Book Series. 



THE BURROWS BROTHERS COMPANY, 
Cleveland, Ohio. 



TWA 



THE UBIUfe¥ 
QFCONGHipfe; 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year iSSS, 

By B. A. HATHAWAY, 

In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C. 



PREFATORY NOTE. 



The time has come when a person of even ordinary attain- 
ments is expected to have some knowledge of General History. 
This branch is exceedingly vast in its scope, and the student 
often feels in need of a concise, yet comprehensive, and easily 
accessible work on this subject which heretofore he has been 
unable to find. This volume has been prepared to meet this 
want, and being the eighth book of this "Series" and having 
the same plan and arrangement , success no doubt will be realized. 
As one of the Series is entirely devoted to the History of the United 
States, this volume has been confined ?nostly to the Great Eastern 
Empires. The Promiscuous Questions cover a great deal of 
ground that is impossible to make mention of in the contents. 

B. A. H. 
June 28, 1888. 



CONTENTS. 



Egypt, 

China, - 

japan, 

Babylonia, 

Persia and Palestine, - 

Greece, - 

Rome, . - 

England, 

Promiscuous Questions, 



PAGE. 

- 5 
13 

- 22 

25 

- 2 9 

32 

- 46 

57 

- 72 



EGYPT. 

i. What is History ? 
A record of past events, or a record of the rise and fall of 
civilization. 

2. What is General History f 

A history of all Nations and Peoples. 

3. Into how many Divisions may General History be divided? 
Three. 

4. What are they ? 

Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern. 

5. What is the Period of Ancient History ? 

From remote antiquity to the Fall of the Roman Empire, 
476 A. D. 

6. What are the limits of the Mediaeval Divisio?i ? 
From 476 A. D., to the close of the 15th century. 

7. What are the limits of the Modern Period ? 

From the beginning of the year 1 500 to the present time. 

8. What is Biography ? 

The history of a single individual. 

9. What is an Autobiography ? 

The history of an individual which has been written by 
himself. 

10. What is the Derivation of the word History ? 

From two Greek words, which originally meant " To know 
by inquiry." 

1 1 . What is Political History ? 

The history of States and Empires. 

12. What is Ecclesiastical History? 
The history of the Christian Church. 



EGYPT. 



13. What is meant by Sacred History ? 
The historical part of the Scriptures. 

14. What is Profane History f 

Any history written by uninspired writers. 

1 5. How many sources have we of historical information ? 
Three. 

16. What are they? 

Records, Monuments, and Legends. 

17. What People have left their history entirely in Monuments ? 
The Mound-builders. 

18. What Country has the oldest authentic history f 
Egypt ; dating to about 2700 B. C. 

19. With what does the History of a people begin ? 
With the formation of settled communities. 

20. Where was the first Settlement made by man t 
At the Tower of Babel, after the Flood. 

21. Where was the Tower of Babel? - 
In the valley of the River Euphrates. 

22. What prevented its success ? 
The Confusion of Tongues. 

23. Are there any of its rtiins still there ? 

There are the ruins of some ancient structure, which are 
generally considered the ruins of Babel. 

24. Who built the Tower of Babel? 

The three families of Noah. (See Gen. xi.) 

25. After the Confusion of Tongues, what became of the 

families ? 
They separated, and traveled to different parts of the 
country. 

26. What became of the children of Japheth ? 

They divided, one part going westward into Europe, and 
the other part moved eastward into the northern part of 
India. 



EGYPT. 



27. What branch was the Parent of the Aryan race ? 
That branch which went into India. 

28. Where did the children of Shem go ? 

They remained in the fertile valleys of the Euphrates and 
Tigris, and became the progenitors of the Chosen Peo- 
ple of God. 

29. Where did the Hamites go ? 

They scattered along the. shores of the Mediterranean Sea. 

30. Who was the founder of Babylon ? 
Nimrod, the grandson of Ham. 

31. For what were the Hamites noted? 
As being great builders. 

32. How far along the Mediterranean did the Hamites travel? 
Away into Egypt. 

33. What Records are left in Egypt of their ability as work- 

men ? 
The Pyramids and other monuments. 

34. For what, besides building, were the Egyptians noted? 
They were great writers, and left a good record of their 

doings. 

35. What is Egypt so7netimes called ? 
The " Gift of the Nile." 

36. Why so called ? 

Because its resources depend upon the River Nile. 

37. How was Egypt divided? 

Into several States, but finally was united into two parts : 
Upper and Lower Egypt. 

38. Name the three Periods of Egyptian History previous to 

the Persian Conquest. 
The Old Empire, the Second Empire, and the New Empire, 

39. What is the date of the Old Empire ? 
From remote antiquity to 2080 B.C. 

40. When was the Second Empire ? 
From 2080 B. C. to 1525 B. C. 



8 EGYPT. 



41. When was the New Empire ? 
From 1525 B. C. to 525 B. C. 

42. How ma?iy families of Kings ruled during these three 

periods ? 
According to Manetho, the native historian, twenty-six. 

43. What were these families called? 
Dynasties. 

44. What Dynasty built the Pyramid ' ? 
The fourth or fifth. 

45. What is the date of the building of the Pyra?nids f 
About 2400 to 2200 B. C. 

46. What may be said of the progress of Arts in Egypt ? 
The useful arts made rapid progress under the Pyramidic 

Dynasties. 

47. Where did they get their Copper ? 
From the Peninsula of Sinai. 

48. Who were the first to iftvade Egypt? 
Tribes from Asia under the Shepherd Kings. 

49. How long did these Intruders have control in Egypt ? 
About 400 years. 

50. What King delivered Egypt from the Intruders? 
Amosis, who became king of the whole country. 

5 1 . What Dynasty did Amosis found ? 
The eighteenth. 

52. What may be said of the years that followed Amosis 1 rule? 
For several hundred years it was the brightest period in 

Egypt's history. 

53. When did Abraham visit Egypt ? 
During the reign of the Shepherd Kings. 

54. What was the employment of captives who were brought 

to Egypt ? 
Working in the mines and making brick. 

55. Who was one of the greatest of Monarchs ? 
Ramescs II, 



EGYPT. 



56. What did he do pr Egypt? 

Made invasions into Europe and Asia and brought home 
great trains of captives. 

57. What cruel act was Rameses guilty of? 

He ordered the Hebrew boys to be thrown into the Nile. 

58. What Ruler was visited by the Plagues of Egypt? 
The son of Rameses II. 

59. What was his name ? 
Menephthah. 

60. What effect did the Plagues have on the glory of Egypt ? 
Very disastrous, and was marked by decline for many 

years. 

61. When was Egypt ruled by Assyria ? 
During the 7th century B. C. 

62. Who revived the Egyptian power ? 

Necho, who completely subdued all the enemies. 

63. What great event occurred during Necho 's reign ? 
The circumnavigation of Africa. 

64. What other country besides Egypt did Necho rule ? 

All the country between the Mediterranean Sea and the 
River Euphrates. 

65. How did Necho lose his possessions in Asia ? 
By his defeat in the battle of Car-chemish. 

66. Who commanded the victorious army in this battle ? 
Nebuchadnezzar. 

67. When did Egypt pass into the control of the Persians ? 

In the 6th century, when they were conquered by Cam- 
byses, and became a part of the Persian Empire. 

68. When did Egypt throw off the Persian yoke ? 
Under Alexander the Great, 334 B. C. 

69. What did Alexander do in Egypt ? 

Built a new city, Alexandria, at the mouth of the Nile. 

70. Who was the father of Alexander ? 
King Philip of Macedon. 



lO EGYPT. 



7 1 . What is said of Alexander s boyhood- f 

He slept with his sword under his pillow, and spent his 
wakeful hours in training. 

72. What happe?ied to Egypt after the death of Alexander? 

It passed into the rule of the Ptolemies from 323 B, C. to 
30 B. C. 

73. Na?ne some improvements in Egypt during the reign of 

Ptolemy I. 
Improvement of buildings, and the founding of the greatest 
library of the ancient world at Alexandria. 

74. What special volume did the Alexandrian library contain ? 
A translation of the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek. 

75. What was this translation called? 
The Septuagint. 

y6. Why so named ? 

Because there were seventy persons who translated it from 
the Hebrew. 

77. How many Ptolejnies were there? 
Twelve in all. 

78. Who was the last Ptolemy ? 
Cleopatra, a brilliant princess. 

79. What happened during her reig?i ? 
Egypt was conquered by Rome. 

80. How did Cleopatra come to her death ? 

She killed herself rather than be seen in the triumphal 
procession of her Roman conqueror, Octavian. 

81. When did Egypt come into the control of the Romans ? 
In the year 30 B. C. 

82. How long did Rome control Egypt ? 
Until the Fall of the Roman Empire. 

83. Who has controlled Egypt since the Fall of the Roman 

Empire ? 
The Turks, principally. 



EGYPT. 1 1 

84. What is the title of the Rider of Egypt ? 
Khedive. 

85. What States are included in the "Dominion of the Khe- 

dive ? ' ' 
Egypt, Nubia, Darfar, and Kordofan. 

86. What is the salary of the Khedive ? 

One million three hundred and fifty thousand dollars, the 
highest of any ruler in the world. 

87. Name some great curiosities in Egypt. 
Pyramids, Sphinxes, Obelisks, Petrified Forest, etc. 

88. Where are the Pyramids ? 

In the western valley of the Nile, from near Cairo to about 
100 miles up the river. 

89. How many Pyramids were there at first ? 
Over 100.' 

90. How many yet rejnain ? 
Sixty-five. 

91. What was the purpose of the Pyramids ? 
Monuments over the remains of noted rulers. 

92. What is the shape of the Pyramids ? 
Four-sided, directed toward the Cardinal Points. 

93. Give dimensions of the largest Pyramid. 
Each side of base 746 feet, height 450 feet. 

94. Of what material are the Pyramids built? 
Stone or brick. 

95. Do they still maintain their original size ? 

They do not ; they are often partially destroyed for their 
building material. 

96. What was the original dimensions of the Great Pyramid? 
Base, 764 feet ; height, 480 feet. 

97. What is a Sphinx ? 

A fabulous monster of Greek Mythology. 

98. What were the Sphinxes of Egypt? 

Large statues representing the head of a man and the 
bodv of a lion. 



12 EGYPT. 



99. Did any represent other animals ? 
They did ; as snakes, hawks, etc. 

100. Describe the Great Sphinx. 

Its head is turned toward the Nile, and is approached by- 
steps. The height from the paws to the top of the head 
is 62 feet. The paws are 50 feet long, and the body is 
143 feet long. 

1 01. Of what materialis the Sphinx made ? 
Solid rock. 

102. What is an Obelisk? 

A large shaft of stone, usually square, and covered with 
hieroglyphics. 

103. Where are they most numerous ? 
In Egypt. 

104. What has been done with some of them? 

Presented to different nations for monuments or statues. 

105. Has the United States received any ? 

There was one presented to the City of New York by the 
Khedive of Egypt. 

106. Give dimensiojis of the one in New York. 

Height, 69 \ feet ; size of base, J% feet ; weight, 220 tons. 

107. When was it put hi position ? 
At noon January 22, 1881. 

108. What were the expenses of ' transpoi'tation ajid erection f 
Over $100,000. 

109. Who was the ove?seer in the work ? 
Lieut. Com. Gorringe, of the U. S. Navy. 

no. Where is the Petrified Forest? 

In Egypt, west of the Nile. 
in. What is its condition at present ? 

Logs cut off in equal lengths, trees blown up by roots, and 
small shrubs, are turned to stone. 
112. What is the condition of the soil of the Forest? 

It is sandy, and has entirely covered the fallen trees and 
logs. 



CHINA. *3 



1 1>. Where is the Lake of Salt? 
Near Cairo, east of the Nile. 

1 14. What causes it ? 

During high water it is a Lake, and then evaporation 
causes it to dry up, and leaves the white Lake of Salt. 

115. Where is the Sues Canal? 

A cut across the Isthmus which connects Africa to Asia. 

116. How long is the Canal? 
Ninety-six miles. 

117. What Towns are at the termini of the Canal? 
Port-Said at the north end, and Suez at the south end. 



CHINA. 



1 . Where is the Chinese Empire ? 
In the central part of Asia. 

2. What is the area of the Empire ? 
One-third of the Asiatic continent. 

3. What portion of the land area of the globe ? 
About one-ninth, or over 5,000,000 square miles. 

4. What rank does China hold in area ? 

Third, being surpassed only by the British and Russian 
possessions. 

5. What is the population of China ? 
About apo, 000 ,000— American Cyclopedia. 

6. What forms the northern boundary of China ? 
The Altai Mountains and the Amoor. River. 

7. What country bounds it on the north ? 
Siberia. 

8. What countries bound China on the south ? 

Anam, Burmah, and the Himalaya Mountains, which 
divide it from Hindustan. 



CHINA. 



9. Why has China been so isolated in the past ? 

On account of natural boundaries — mountains, rivers, anz 
seas. 

10. Who are China s Political neighbors f 
Russia, Britain, and France. 

1 1 . What is the present outlook of China 's position ? 

It may become the battle ground of rival Empires. 

12. What is meant by China Proper ? 

The fertile valleys drained by the Ho-ang-ho and Yang- 
ste-kiang Rivers. 

13. What is the area of China Proper f 
About 2,000,000 square miles. 

14. What is its population ? 
Over 300,000,000 of people. 

15. What other name has the Ho-ang-ho River ? 
Yellow River, on account of its color. 

16. What is there peculiar about this river? 

Frequent floods often cause a change- in the channel, and 
sometimes divide it into two streams. 

17. On account of the destruction by its floods, what is it some- 

times called ? 
" The Sorrow of China." 

18. How far is Yang-ste-kiang navigable ? 
Fifteen hundred miles. 

19. What great Desert in China? 
Gobi Desert. 

20. What does the word Gobi mean ? 
" Dried-up Sea." 

21. What does the country about Gobi seem to indicate? 
That it was once a great inland sea. 

22. Where is the Plateau of Thibet ? 
In the central part of China. 

23. What may be said of its height? 

It is the highest land in the world inhabited by man. 



CHINA. 15 



24. What is its area ? 

Its area is 725,000 square miles. 

25. What is its Populatio?t ? 
Over 8,000,000. 

26. What is peculiar about the Inhabitants ? 

It is the only country in the world where Polyandry is 
legalized. 

27. U^hat is meant by Polyandry? 
A plurality of husbands. 

28. What is the origin of. the Chinese? 
It is entirely unknown. 

29. When does the history of the Chinese begin ? 
About the year 2697 B. C. 

30. How do the Chinese count time ? 

By Cycles of 60 years each, instead of by centuries. 

31. How would they express the date 1888? 
The 25th of the 77th cycle. 

32. Who was the greatest Writer in Chinese Literature ? 
Confucius. 

33. Give a short biogi'aphy of Confucius. 

Born June 19, 551 B. C; lost his father when three years of 
age ; was educated by his mother ; set himself up as a 
teacher at the age of thirty ; was a great teacher of 
religious truth, and holds a similar relation to China that 
Moses does to the western civilization. Died 479 B. C. 
— American Cyclopedia. 

34. What is the First Period of Chinese History ? 
The Legendary, from 2697 to 1122 B. C. 

35. What is the Second Period? 

The Semi-Historical, from 1122 to 770 B. C. 

36. What is the Third Period? 

The Historical, from 770 B. C. to 1888 A. D. 

37. What is meant by the Feudal Period? 

A subdivision of the Historical from 770 B. C. to 209 B. C. 



l6 „ CHINA. 



38. How has China been ruled si?ice the Feudal Period f 
By Dynasties. 

39. How many Dynasties has China had? 
Twenty-two. 

40. What is the origin of the name China ? 

It comes from the word Tsau, meaning silk-worm. 

41. What may Chi?ia be called? 
The home of the silk-worm. 

42. Do the Chinese have any Holidays ? 
Few holidays and no Sabbath. 

43. How do they calculate the length of the year ? 
By the moon. 

44. What kind of Religion have the Chinese ? 
A ceremonial form of Buddhism. 

45. What is the chief occupation of the Chinese ? 
Agriculture. 

46. What do the Chinese call their country ? 

The " Flowery Land," or the " Flowery Kingdom." 

47. Natne some articles that originated among the Chinese. 
Tea, Silk, Paper, Printing, Magnetic Needle, and Gun- 
powder. 

48. What parallel is the great Highway of Asia ? 
The fortieth. 

49. Is there a Chinese road along this parallel ? 
There is, and has been for centuries. 

50. To where does the road lead? 

The Singau, which was the Capital for hundreds of years. 

51. Where is the Capital at present ? 
At Pekin. 

52. Do the Chinese have any fixed habits of labor ? 
Many of them do, and are taught by regular teachers. 

53. Who are the Teachers? 
The Chiefs or Priests. 



CHINA. 17 



54. Who was the great Social Teacher of the Chinese? 
Fuh-hi, who established the law of marriage and intro- 
duced the written characters. 

55. What inventions were inade during Fuh-hi 's rule ? 
The manufacture of silk and the plow. 

56. Under whose reign was the Chinese territory greatly ex- 

tended? 
Under Tao, who began his reign about 2356 B. C. 

57. What improvements were made during Tao' s reign ? 
Fairs were established, flooded lands drained, and the 

"Golden Age " of Confucius was ushered in. 

58. What may be said of the successors of Tao ? 
They were cruel, vicious, and degenerate. 

59. What effect did their reign have on China ? 

The country degenerated, and civilization gave way to 
nomadic life. 

60. How long did this continue ? 
Till about 1100B. C. 

61. What was the next Dynasty ? 
The Chow Dynasty. 

62. How long did the Chow Dynasty last? 
From 1100B. C. to 256 B. C. 

63. What was the condition of society during the Chow Dy- 

nasty ? 
Great public works were erected, arts and sciences flour- 
ished, and the Empire was divided into seventy-two 
Principalities. 

64. What great Period of History began at this time ? 
The Feudal Period. 

65. Who were China s greatest Sages ? 
Lao-Tsze, Fu-Tsze, and Meng-Ko. 

66. Who was Contemporary with Daniel? 
Tsze, 604-515 B. C. 



18 CHINA. 



6j. Describe his teachings. 

They are said to have paved the way for Buddhism. 

68. Did Confucius teach anything new ? 

He did not, but collected and expounded the teachings of 
the ancients. 

69. What was the Primeval Religion ? 

A kind of double worship of God and Ancestors. 

70. What were the "Five Relations" of the Chinese Religion ? 
Between ruler and subject, parent and child, husband and 

wife, elder brother and younger, friend and friend. 

71. What is the basis of the Chinese Bible ? 
The writings of Confucius. 

72. What is the basis of Chinese Classics? 

The writings of Confucius and his pupil Mencius. 

73. When was the Tsin Dynasty ? 
From 256 to 208 B. C 

74. How many Rulers were there of this Dynasty t 
Five. 

75. Who was the greatest of the five ? 
Ching-wang. 

y6. What great work did Ching-wang do ? 

Built the Great Wall. 
yj. Why was the Great Wall built? 

To keep out the hordes of Tartars who were constantly 
making invasions on the north. 

78. How long is the Great Wall? 
Fifteen hundred miles. 

79. Give short description of the Wall. 

Averages 25 feet high and 20 feet thick, with brick towers 
at regular intervals ; is doubled at important passes, and 
is still in well-preserved condition. 

80. What great order was issued by Ching-wang? 
That all books and literature be burned. 



CHINA. 19 



8 1 . Was this order executed ? 

It was, and only a few scattered fragments of Confucius 
could be found afterwards. 

82. What took place after his death ? 

Rebellion broke out, and the Hau Dynasties were estab- 
lished. 

83. How long did the Hau Dynasties last f 
From 206 B. C. to 220 A. D. 

84. When did the Jews enter China ? 

At some time during the reign of Hau. 

85. Where did they settle ? 

In the Province of Honan. 

86. Are there any traces of them yet? 

There are ; in temples, synagogues, and memorial stones, 
and also in descendants. 

87. When did the Romans first enter China ? 

About 170 A. D. a Roman Embassy came into the Empire. 

88. What is the Epoch of War and Misrule ? 
From 190 A. D. to 265 A. D. 

89. Who were the constant terror of the Chinese ? 
The Mongolians or Tartars. 

90. When did they get a foothold into the Empire ? 

In 386 A. D., when they established an independent King- 
dom in the northern part of the Empire. 

91. From this time on what may be said of the Empire ? 

It was a constant struggle between the Tartars and the 
Chinese. 

92. What was the final result of these conflicts t 

The conquest of the Empire by the Tartars, and the estab- 
lishment of a Mongolian Dynasty. 

93. When was the first Mongolian Dynasty ? 
From 1279 to 1368 A. D. 

94. Who was the first ruler of this Dynasty? 

Kublia, who still maintained the old forms of government. 



20 CHINA. 



95. What event took place during his reign f 
The first European visited China. 

96. Who was the European who first went to China ? 
Marco Polo, in 1290 A. D. 

97. When did the first Missionaries visit Pekin ? 
In 1294 A. D. 

98. When was the Great Famine in China ? 
In 1342 A. D. 

99. How ma7iy lives were lost by the famine ? 
Thirteen million. 

100. What effect did the famine have on the Gover?iment ? 

A revolution broke out, and for years the Tartars were in 
subjection. 

1 01. When did the Tartars again gel control of the Govern- 

ment ? 
In 1644 A. D. 

102. About 1700 A. D. what event took place ? 

Pekin was destroyed by an earthquake, by which 400,000 
persons perished. 

103. What can be said of her C07ii7Jiercial relations at that time ? 
The western countries began to trade in Chinese articles of 

commerce. 

104. When did Great Britain get a hold in Southern Asia ? 
About the end of the 17th century. 

105. What great evil has resulted from commercial intercourse 

with China ? 
The introduction of Opium from India by the British. 

106. What was the catise of the first war between the British 

and Chinese? 
The Opium trade. 

107. When was a Treaty of Peace made between Great Britain 

and China ? 
October 9, 1843. 



CHINA. 21 



1 08. When was a Treaty made between the United States and 

China ? 
July 3, 1844. 

109. When was the treaty made with France f 
August 25, 1845. 

no. Who is the present Emperor of China ? 

Kwang-Si, born in 1871. 
in. What is the sign of loyalty to the Government? 

The wearing of the Queue. 

112. Are the Chinese a wandering race ? 

They are not, but are home-loving, and when they emigrate 
it is with the expectation of returning to their " Flowery 
Land." 

1 13. 7s- there any evidence of a" Chinese Deluge f " 
There is none that can be found. 

1 14. How many Missionaries are in China ? 

About 500, or about one to every 800,000 Heathens. 

115. How many have professed Christianity ? 
About 40,000. 

116. What is the present Dynasty of China ? 
The Ta-Tsing, since 1616 A. D. 

117. What is the prese?it indication of the Chinese Empire? 

To pass into extinction, and be swallowed up by her more 
powerful neighbors. 

118. What are the exports of China ? 
Tea, Opium, and Ornaments. 



22 JAPAN. 



JAPAN. 

i . Where is the Empire of Japan ? 
East of central Asia. 

2. What does it comprise f 

Four large islands, and over one thousand small ones. 

3. What is the name of the largest island? 
Niphon or Nipon. 

4. What are the dimensions of Niphon ? 
Length, 900 miles ; width, 100 miles. 

5. What is the entire area of the Japanese Empire? 
About 170,000 square miles. — American Cyclopedia. 

6. What is the meaning of the word Japan ? 
" Sunrise," or " the land of sunrise." 

7. Who named Japan ? 
The Chinese. 

8. What is the Population of Japan ? 
Estimated at 40,000,000. 

9. To what race of people do the Japanese belong? 
They are purely Mongolians. 

10. How many Periods are there in Japanese History ? 
Three. 

1 1 . What are they ? 

Legendary, Semi-Historical, and Historical. 

12. When was the Legendary Period? 
From 650 B. C. to 200 A. D. 

13. When was the Semi-Historical Period ? 
From 200 A. D. to 600 A. D. 

14. Give dates of the Historical Period. 
From 600 A. D. to the present time. 

15. Name the oldest books of Japanese History. 

" Book of Traditions," published 712 A. D., and " Chroni- 
cles of Japan," published 720 A. D, 



JAPAN. 23 

1 6. What do these books record ? 

Besides giving account of events, they record the Japanese 
theory of creation. 

17. What is their Theory of Creation ? 

It is a rude specimen of Evolution: that Heaven and 
Earth evolved from an egg, and that the Deity evolved 
from the Earth. 

18. From the best authority, what is thought to be the origin of 

the fapanese ? 
The weight of history is in favor of the idea that they 
migrated from north-eastern Asia, through Corea, to 
Japan. 

19. When did Buddhism enter fapan? 
In the year 552 A. D. 

20. What effect did this have on fapa?i ? 

It seemed to isolate them entirely from their surrounding 
neighbors. 

21. What governmental changes occtirred in 604 A. D. ? 
A Monarchical Government was established. 

22. What caused this change ? 

An acquaintance with the Chinese. 

23. How were the Officials divided? 
Into civil and military grades. 

24. When was the War of Red and White Flags ? 
In 1159 A. D. 

25. Why so called? 

On account of the color of their banners. 

26. Was it a Civil or National War ? 
Civil, being between the ruling families. 

27. Whe?i did the first European vessel land in fapan ? 
In 1540 A. D. 

28. Who introduced ammunition and fire-arms into fapan? 
Pinto, in 1543 A. D. 

29. When were Christian Churches established in fapan ? 
In 1552 A. D. 



24 JAPAN. 

30.. Who is regarded by the Japanese as their greatest man f 
Taiko-Sama. 

31. When was the Persecution of Christians in Japan ? 
In the year 1637 A. D. 

32. How ma7iy were slain ? 
Over 30,000. 

33. What effect did this have on Japan ? 
It became hermitized. 

34. When was the "Golden Age " in Japanese literature f 
From the 8th to tjie 12th century. 

35. How many letters in the Japa?iese Alphabet? 
Forty-seven 

36. What is the Capital of Japan ? 
Tokio, formerly called Yeddo. 

37. When was the name changed? 
In 1868. 

38. When was Japan opened to commerce ? 
In 1853. 

39. When was the first church organised at Yokohama ? 
In 1872. 

40. How many churches are there now ? 
Nearly 500, with a membership of 5,000. 

4 1 . What is Japan s present condition ? 

She now holds intercourse with all nations, and her Sov- 
ereign rules a " Land of Great Peace." 



BABYLONIA. 25 



BABYLONIA. 



1 . Where is the Babylonian Empire ? 

In south-western Asia, along the Euphrates and Tigris 
Rivers. 

2. What is the area of the Empire? 
Its area is 32,000 square miles. 

3. By what name is it known at presetit ? 
The Province of Bagdad. 

4. What other names have been given to the same territory ? 
"The Plains of Shinar" (Gen. x. 10) ; "The Plain of the 

Sea,' etc. 

5. What is the source of the richness of the soil? 
The overflow of the Euphrates and Tigris. 

6. What is the Euphrates sometimes called ? 
"The Nile of Babylon." 

7. What was used for building material in the Empire ? 
Brick made of the native clay. 

8. What was the Median Wall? 

A great wall, built of brick, across on the northern boundary 
of the Empire from the Euphrates to the Tigris. 

9. What may be said of the canals ? 

The country was an entire net-work of canals, used to con- 
vey the water to the already rich fields and gardens. 

10. What are these Canals called i7i Biblical literature ? 

The " Rivers of Babylon," where the captive Jews hung 
their harps on the willows along their banks, and wept 
over the desolation of Zion. 

11. Who founded the Empire? 

Nimrod, who passed on to the east and founded Nineveh. 

12. What part of Babylonia was called Chaldea ? 
The south-western part. 



26 BABYLONIA. 



13. Who were the Chaldeans ? 

They were a religious caste who came from the mountains 
of Armenia, north of Babylonia. 
1-4. What may be said of the education of the Chaldeans ? 
They were highly educated. Astronomical calculations 
taken by them as far back as 2000 B. C. were found to 
be correct. 

15. Whe7i did the Chaldeans become masters of Babylon ? 
About 750 B. C. 

16. When did they lose their power ? 

When the city was destroyed by Cyrus, 538 B. C. 

17. What was the chief city of the Empire ? 
Babylon. 

18. What was the location of Babylon? 

On the River Euphrates, 300 miles from its junction with 
the Tigris. 

19. What is the modern name ? 

The City Hillah, which was built out of its ruins, and near 
the ancient site of Babylon, in the year 1101. 

20. What is the origin of the name Babylon ? 

Supposed to be derived from the name of the great monu- 
ment of Babel. 

21. Where was the Tower of Babel? 
Near the ancient site of Babylon. 

22. How long was the city in building? 
From 747 B. C. to 538 B. C, 209 years. 

23. Do these dates refer to the original city or the completion ? 
To the completion. 

24. What was the size of the city ? 
Fifteen miles square. 

25. What surrounded the city ? 
A wall for protection. 

26. Was the city compactly built ? 

It was not, but large fields of pasture were within the walls, 



BABYLONIA. 1J 



27. How high was the Wall? 

With the ditch at its base, 350 feet. 

28. How thick was the Wall? 

Eighty-seven feet at the base, and a chariot road on the 
top. 

29. How many entrances to the city ? 

One hundred. Twenty-five on each side. 

30. How many Towers were built on the Wall? 
About 250. 

31. Of what was the Wall built? 
Brick and bitumen. 

32. What River passed through the city ? 
The Euphrates. 

33. How was the River fortified in the city ? 
By a wall similar to the one on the outside. 

34. What was the most important building of Babylon ? 
The Palace of Nebuchadnezzar. 

3 5 . When was it built ? 
Six hundred years B. C. 

36. What was the size of the Palace ? 
Six miles in circumference. 

37. What part of the city did it occupy ? 
The eastern. 

38. How many Walls surrounded the Palace ? 
Three. 

39. How many entrances to the Palace ? 

Three, protected by brazen gates made of brass brought 
from Jerusalem. 

40. What great structure was considered a wonder of the 

world ? 
The Hanging Gardens. 

41. Why were they built? 

For the gratification of the Queen, who longed for moun- 
tain scenery, 



28 BABYLONIA. 



42. How we?'e they built f 

An artificial mountain was made, 400 feet high, and ter- 
raced on all sides. These terraces were sustained by- 
piers, the whole being bound together by a wall 22 feet 
thick. 

43. What were planted on these terraces ? 
Large trees and flowers. 

44. How were the plants watered ? 

Water was drawn by machinery from the River Euphrates. 

45. Who was the Queen for whom all this was built ? 
Amytis, the Queen of Nebuchadnezzar. 

46. Did Nebuchadnezzar extend his territory ? 

He did ; from Persia on the east to Egypt on the west. 

47. What captivity occurred in his reign f 
The captivity of the Jews. 

48. Who succeeded Nebuchadnezzar ? 
His son, Evilmerodach. 

49. Who was the last King of Babylon ?•* 
Belshazzar. \ 

50. How was Belshazzar s reign brought to a close ? 

By the invasion of Cyrus and the destruction of the city, 
538 B. C. 

5 1 . What country governed the Babylonia?i and Chaldean 

Empires subsequent to the year 538 B. C. f 
It passed into the control of the Medo-Persian Empire. 

52. How far is Babylon fro?n ferusalem ? 
About 600 miles direct. 

53. Was there any direct road in ancie?it times f 

There was not, but a very long route of about 1 ,000 miles 
around the Desert. 

54. Where is supposed to be the site of Eden ? 

Near the source of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers, north 
of Babylon. 

55. Are there any traces of Eden there ?iow f 
There are none, but it is located by the streams. 



PERSIA AND PALESTINE. 29 



PERSIA AND PALESTINE. 



1 . Where is Persia ? 

In south-western Asia, south of the Caspian Sea. 

2. What is the native name of Persia ? 
Iran. 

3. What was the area of Ancient Persia ? 
About 500,000 square miles. 

4. What is its present population ? 
About 7,000,000. 

5. How many States or Provinces is it divided into t 
Twenty-five. 

6. What is the Capital and largest city ? 
Teheran. 

7. What is the Biblical name for Persia ? 
Elam. 

8. What are the Natives called? 
Eels, which signifies clans. 

9. When was Persia and Assyria united ? 
In the 9th century before Christ. 

10. What other Province also united? 
Media. 

11. When did Media submit to Persia ? 
Under the rule of Cyrus, 588 B. C. 

12. How long did the Medo-Persian last ? 
Until the year 331 B. C. 

13. What great change took place in the year 331 B. C. ? 
The Empire became a Grecian Province. 

14. Who produced this change ? 
Alexander the Great. 

15. What is the present gover7ime?it of Persia ? 
It is an Absolute Monarchy. 

16. What is the title of the Ruler ? 
King, or Shah. 



PERSIA AND PALESTINE. 



17. Who was the greatest monarch of Persia ? 
Darius I. 

18. Who commanded the largest army in the world? 
Xerxes. 

19. How large was his fighting force ? 
Over 2,000,000 men. 

'20. Who. was the father of Xerxes ? 
King Darius. 

21. What great invasion did Xerxes attempt? 
To conquer Greece. 

22. Was he successful ? 

He was not, but withdrew in contempt. 

23. What effect did this failure have on Xerxes ? 

He gave up to luxury, and was finally murdered by two of 
his servants in the year 465 B. C. 

24. Where was Ancient Palestine ? 

A part of Syria, lying between the River Jordan and the 
Mediterranean Sea. 

25. By what other najnes is it known ? 
Holy Land, and sometimes Judea. 

26. How many divisions in Palestine ? 
Four. 

27. What are they? 

Galilee, Samaria, Judea, and Perea. 

28. Which was the most importa7it Province ? 
Judea. 

29. What was the Capital of Palestine ? 
Jerusalem. 

30. Who made it the Capital? 
King David. 

31. Why was it called Palestine ? 

It is derived from the Hebrew word Philistia. 

32. What is the area of Palestine ? 
Twelve thousand square miles. 



PERSIA AND PALESTINE. 3 1 

33. What is its Population ? 
About 400,000. 

34. What is the principal River ? 
The Jordan. 

35. Describe the River Jordan. 

It rises in the Lebanon Mountains, and, after flowing 13 
miles, enters Lake Tiberias, which is 620 feet above the 
level of the sea ; then flowing south a distance of 100 
miles it enters the Dead Sea, which is 1,300 feet below 
the level of the Mediterranean. 

36. Is the Jordan salt orjresh water ? 
Fresh water. 

37. How many Rapids in its course ? , 
Twenty-seven. 

38. How wide is it at its mouth ? 
Five hundred and fifty feet. 

39. Who were the first Rulers of Palestine f 
The descendants of Ham. 

40. What was the Country then called ? 
The Land of Canaan. 

41 . Who first conquered the Canaanites ? 
Moses, in the 15th century B. C. 

42. When did the Romans come into the possession of Palestine ? 
About 100 B. C. 

43. When was Jerusalem first taken ? 
In 70 A. D., by Titus. 

44. What was done with the Jews ? 

They were scattered as slaves or exiles. 

45. When was Jerusalem again taken ? 

In 610 A. D. by the Persians, who were assisted by rebel- 
lious Jews. 

46. What next happened to the city ? 

It was retaken in 622, but fell into the hands of the Arabs 
in 637 A. D. 



32 GREECE. 

47. When did Egypt get control of Jerusalem ? 
In the year 969 A. D. 

48. What has been the situation of Palestine since q6q ? 

It has been in rebellion between the Egyptians and Turks. 

49. Who rules Palestine at present ? 
It is subject to the Turks. 

50. What is the present name of Jerusaiejn? 
El-Kud. 



GREECE. 



Where is Greece ? 

The most eastern of three peninsulas which extend south- 
ward from Europe. 

What did the inhabitants call it ? 
Hellas. 

What is the size of Greece ? 
Its length is 250 miles, and width 180 miles. 

What is the area, including islands ? 
About 24,000 square miles. 

Into how many divisions may Greece be divided? 
Three. 

What are they ? 
Continental Greece, Peninsular Greece, and Insular Greece. 

What may be said of the relief forms of Greece ? 
They are sometimes called the " Land of Mountains." 

What is the origin of the Greeks ? 

They belong to the Aryan family, and are in close relation 
to the people of Central Asia. 

What account do the Greeks give of their origin ? 
They trace their origin to Hellen, the son of Deucalion and 
Pyrrhia, survivors of the Deluge. 



GREECE. 33 

10. Name four important Mountains in Greece. 

Olympus, 10,000 feet high ; Parnassus, 8,000 feet high ; 
Pentelieus, 4,000 feet high ; and Hymettus, 3,400 feet 
high.' 

1 1 . What were the principal cities of Greece ? 
Athens, Sparta, Corinth, and Thebes. 

12. When were these cities founded ? 
About 1500 B. C. 

13. Into how many Periods is the history of Greece divided ' ? 
Four. 

14. What are they ? 

Heroic, Homeric, Traditional, and Historic. 

15. What is the date of the Heroic Period? 
From 1800 B. C. to 1000 B. C. 

16. What is the time of the Homeric Period? 
From 1000 B. C. to yj6 B. C. 

17. By what other name is the Homeric Period sometimes 

known ? 
The Poetic, or Age of Poetry. 

18. When did the Historic Period begin ? 

In 776 B. C, and continued to the present time. 

19. Are the events of the Heroic Age authentic ? 
They are not, but are clouded in mystery. 

20. When did Grecian Mythology origi?iate ? 
During the Heroic Age. 

21. Name two great Traditions of this Age. 

The Expedition of the Argos and the Trojan War. 

22. Name some noted perso?is belonging to the Heroic Age. 
Hercules, Theseus, and Anchilles. 

23. Who is said to have introduced the Alphabet into Greece ? 
Cadmus, who brought it from Phenicia. 

24. Why is the Second Age called Homeric ? 

Because Homer immortalized this Period by his poetry, 

25. When did Homer live ? 

Sometime between 1000 B. C. and 870 B. C 



34 GREECE. 



26. What are Homer s greatest poems ? 
The Iliad and the Odyssey. 

27. What criticism has been offered on the two poems of 

Homer ? 
That they were not written by one man, but were frag- 
ments of old poems collected by different persons. 

28. What great law-giver lived in this Period? 
Lycurgus. 

29. What is said of Lycurgus ? 

He declined the Spartan Crown, and made the people 
swear to abide by his laws until his return ; then he left 
the country, and died in another land. 

30. How were the people taught by Lycurgus? 

To speak in short sentences ; hence the Laconic style of 
language. 

31. What was the name of Sparta during his rule ? 
Laconia ; hence the word laconic. 

32. Did the Greeks have any central gbvermnent ? 

They did not, but necessity caused them to form treaties. 

33. What name is sometimes given to the Third Period of 

Grecian History ? 
The Age of " Fact and Tradition." 

34. When were the Public Games established in Greece ? 
During the Traditional Period. 

35. How long did these Games last at a time ? 

For many days ; similar to a County or State Fair. 

36. What was the effect of these Games on the people ? 
They bound the people closer together. 

37. How many different gat her i?tgs were there? 
Four. 

38. What were they ? 

Olympic, Pythian, Nemean, and Isthmian. 

39. Which was the greatest ? 
The Olympic, 



GREECE. 35 

40. Describe the Olympic Games. 

Held every four years at Olympia ; races of all kinds were 
engaged in, the ballads of Homer were recited, and the 
victor was crowned with a crown of olive, or laurel. 

41. Who contended in these Games? 

Greeks from all over the world, but no other nations. 

42. What effect did these sports have on military operations ? 
All military operations ceased during their continuance. 

43. Who founded the Olympic Games ? 
Tradition says, Hercules. 

44. What is meant by the " Olympiad ? " 

As this festival occurred so regularly, it was used as a 
measure of time, the year 776 B. C. to 772 B. C. being 
the First Olympiad. 

45. What two States were the greatest co?itenders in these 

Games ? 
Athens and Sparta. 

46. What was the next Festival of importance f 
The Pythian, in honor of the God Apollo. 

47. What was a special feature of the Pythian Festival ? 
The contests of poetry, music, and oratory. 

48. When was it held? 

The third year of every Olympiad. 

49. Whose honor was celebrated by the Nemean Games ? 
The praises of noted personages. 

50. How often were they held? 
Every two years, near Cleonae. 

51. Where were the Isthmian Games held? 

On the Isthmus of Corinth, near the Temple of Poseidon, 
the Sea God. 

52. What may be said of the Spartans at this time ? 

They became masters of most of their near neighbors, and 
got control of the Peninsula. 

53. What may be said of Athens, the rival of Sparta ? 
Athens also increased in power and influence. 



36 GREECE. 

54. Who gave a code of laws to Athens ? 
Draco. 

55. What is said of Draco s laws ? 
That they were written in blood. 

56. Why were they thus spoken off 

Because of their severity, the smallest offense being pun- 
ishable by death. 

57. What did Draco say in defense of his laws ? 

" The smallest crime deserves death, and I can find no 
heavier penalty for the greatest." 

58. Who canceled Draco's severe laws ? 

Solon, who ruled at Athens from 594 to 560 B. C. 

59. What is the "Age of Tyranny ? " 
From 650 to 510 B. C. 

60. Why so called? 

Because many of the cities were governed by despots. 

61. Who founded a Public Library at Athens? 
Pisistratus, who ruled from 560 to $27 B. C. 

62. Who established a Democracy at Athens ? 
Cleisthenes. 

63. Where had G7 r eece any Colonies ? 
In Asia Minor, Italy, and in Africa. 

64. When did Athens becoine a Republic ? 
In the year 510 B. C. 

65. What effect did this have on the Colonies ? 

The Asiatic Colonies revolted against Persia, who had 
lately subdued them. 

66. How long was this before Persia attempted to subdue 

Greece ? 

About sixteen years. 
6y. What Period now commences in Greece? 

The Period of authentic History. 
68. How long did it continue ? 

Over 2,300 years, or from 490 B, C. to the present time. 



GREECE. 37 



69. How many subdivisions are given to the Historic Period? 
Eight, usually. 

70. What is the first subdivision ? 
The Persian Wars. 

7 1 . Why called the Persian Wars ? 

Because for eleven years the Persians were trying to sub- 
due Greece. 

72. Why did the Persians attempt to conquer the Athefiians ? 
The Athenians had assisted their colonies in Asia in the 

revolt against the Persians. 

73. Who was Ruler of Persia at this time ? 
Darius. 

74. Whom did Darius send with the army on the first invasion f 
His son-in-law, Mardonius. 

75. What was the result of this invasion ? 
It was an entire failure. 

j6. When was the second invasion ? 

In the year 490 B. C. 
yj. Where did the two armies meet? 

On the Plains of Marathon. 

78. What was the number of persons in each army ? 
Persians, over 100,000; Athenians, 10,000. 

79. What was the result of the battle ? 

The Persians were defeated and driven to their vessels, 
and they then sailed away. 

80. How many were lost in the Grecia7i Army? 
Only 192 persons. 

8 1 . How many Generals were in the Grecia?i Army at the Bat- 

tle of Marathon ? 
Ten, each of whom had command for one day. 

82. Name three of the most noted Generals. 
Aristides, Miltiades, and Themistocles. 

83. Who was considered the greatest? 
Miltiades. 



38 GREECE. 

84. What did each of the other Generals do ? 
They each resigned in favor of Miltiades. 

85. What is Miltiades called? 
The " Hero of Marathon." 

86. What became of Miltiades ? 

He died in prison, of wounds received in a treasonable 
attack on the Island of Paros. 

87. How lo?ig was it until the next Invasion ? 
Ten years (480 B. C.) 

88. Who led the Invasion ? 
Xerxes, the son of Darius. 

89. How many men had Xerxes ? 
Two million five hundred thousand. 

90. Where did the armies meet? 
At the Pass of Thermopylae. 

91. Who met Xerxes at Thermopylce ? 
Leonidas, with three hundred Spartan soldiers. 

92. What was the result of the battle ? 

Leonidas and all but two of his three hundred were slain.. 

93. How large was Leonidas 1 entire army ? 
Six thousand persons. 

94. Where were they at the Battle of Thermopylce ? 

He had dismissed all but the three hundred Spartans, and 
four hundred Thespians, who were in reserve. 

95 . What caused his great defeat ? 

The treachery of a Greek, who admitted the Persians to a 
Pass. 

96. What did Xerxes do next ? 

He pressed on into Greece, and burnt Athens. 

97. Where was the next battle ? 

A naval one, off the Isle of Salamis. 

98. What was the result of this battle ? 
A great victory for the Grecians. 

99. How long did the battle last ? 
From morning- till night. 



GREECE. 39 

ioo. How many vessels did the Persians lose ? 
Over two hundred. 

101. After this engagement what did Xerxes do t 
He withdrew, and sailed away. 

1 02. Did he take all his army ? 

He left Mardonius, with 300,000 men, in Thessaly. 

103. What became of Mardonius? 

He was defeated and slain the next year at the Battle of 
Platea and Mycale. 

104. Who were the Grecian Generals in the Battle of Platea ? 
Aristides and Pausanias. 

105. What effect did these Wars have on Persia ? 

No Persian Army was ever again seen in Greece. 

106. When did Aristides die f 
In 468 B. C. 

107. What is the Second Division of the Historic Period f 
The Athenian (479-403 B. C.) 

108. Who was the greatest Statesman of Athens ? 
Pericles. 

109. What is this Period sometimes called? 
The "Age of Pericles." 

1 10. How long did he direct affairs at Athens ? 
For forty years (469-429 B. C.) 

in. When did he die ? 

In 429 B. C, of the plague, in Athens. 

112. What great man was born in the same year Pericles died? 
Plato. 

113. What military event took place in 431 B. C. ? 

The long-continued jealousy between Sparta and Athens 
broke out in war. 

114. How long did it last ? 
TwentVrseven years. 

115. What was this War called ? 
The Peloponnesian War. 



40 GREECE. 

1 1 6. Who was the Spartan General in this Wart 
Lysander. 

117. What was the result of this War? 
The power of Athens vanished. 

118. What may be said of Sparta ? 

It became the leading city of Greece. 

119. How did Sparta govern Athens ? 
By thirty men. 

1 20. What are they sometimes called ? 
" The thirty tyrants." 

121. Why so called ? 

On account of their cruelty. 

122. What is the next division of the Historic Period? 
The Spartan (404 to 371 B. C.) 

123. What did Athens do under the thirty tyrants f 

Began to regain her political principles, and to develop in 
art and literature. 

124. What great man lived in Athens at this time ? 
Socrates. 

125. When was he born ? 
In 468 B. C. 

126. What crime was Athens guilty of in the year jgg B. C. ? 
The putting to death of Socrates. 

127. Why was he put to death ? 

On the false charge of introducing a new worship to cor- 
rupt the youth. 

128. On what condition was he offered his life? 
That he would cease to teach 

1 29. How long was he in prison ? 
Thirty days. 

130. What great truth did he teach ? 
The immortality of the soul. 

131. How was he put to death ? 

By giving him poison-hemlock to drink. 



GREECE. 4f 



132. What is the Fourth Division of the Historic Period? 

The Thebean (371 to 361 B. C.) 
x 33- Why called the Thebean Period ? 

Because of the war between the Spartans and Thebans. 

134. Who was the leadi?ig General of Thebes? 
Epaminondas. 

135. What famous battle was fought ? 
The battle of Leuctra. 

136. What was the result. of 'this battle ? 
The defeat of the Spartans. 

137. When was this battle fought ? 
In the year 371 B. C. 

138. What did Sparta do after the battle? 
Sent embassadors to Athens to solicit aid. 

1 39. How long did Thebes rule Greece ? 

Until the death of Epaminondas, in the Battle of Mantinea. 

140. When was the Battle of Mantinea fought ? 
In the year 362 B. C. 

141. What was the result of this battle ? 

With the death of the great leader the Thebean cause died. 

142. What effect did these Civil and National Wars have on 

Greece ? 
The States were so exhausted that they were not able to 
withstand a very formidable invasion. 

143. Who were the next to invade Greece ? 
The Macedonians. " 

144. What is the next subdivision of the Historical Period ? 
The Macedonian (362-146 B. C.) 

145. Who were the Macedonians ? 
Barbarians, who lived just north of Greece. 

146. What is meant by Barbarians ? 

The Greeks called all people who did not use their lan- 
guage Barbarians, or Babblers. 

147. What did the Macedonians say as to their own origin ? 
They claimed to be descendants of Hercules. 



42 GREECE. 

14S. What privileges did this give them ? 

They were admitted to the Olympic Games. 

149. Who was Ki7ig of Mace don at this time f 

Philip II., who had been a hostage at Thebes, and had 
learned the arts of war. 

1 50. Was King Philip well educated ? 

He was, and could speak the Greek language with great 
fluency. 

151. What did Philip pi'oceed to do ? 

To make war against the Athenians. 

152. What was the result? 

He defeated the Grecians in the great Battle of Cheronea. 

153. When was the battle fought ? 
August 7, 338 B. C. 

154. What did the Athenian Congress do? 

They acknowledged the supremacy of Philip, and ap- 
pointed him to command the . Grecian Army in their 
proposed war against Persia. 

155. What became of Philip ? 

He was assassinated at a feast. 

1 56. How old was Philip at his death ? 
Forty-seven years. 

157. Who succeeded Philip ? 

His son, Alexander the Great. 

158. How old was Alexander at this time ? 
Twenty years. 

159. What did the Grecian Congress do ? 

Conferred on Alexander the same power they had on his 
father. 

160. What did Alexander then do ? 

With 35,000 Greeks he began his march to conquer the 
world. 

161. Was he successful ? 

He was, and became the Oriental Monarch. 



GREECE. 43 



162. What did he do? 

He conquered all Persia, and finally Tyre, and built the 
city of Alexandria, near the mouth of the Nile. 

163. Where and when did he die ? 

At Babylon, 323 B. C, age, thirty-three years. 

164. After his death, what did Greece do f 
They formed a Confederacy of States. 

165. Were they successful? 

They were not, but were still under the control of Macedon. 

166. Who was the last Macedonian King? 
Perseus. 

167. What became of Perseus ? 

He was taken captive to Rome in the year 168 B. C. 

168. What great event happened to Greece at this time ? 
It became a Roman Province. 

169. What was Greece called by the Romans ? 
The Province of Achaia. 

170. What great Orator lived at this time ? 
Demosthenes ; born 385, died 322 B. C. 

171. Where did Demosthenes live? 
In Athens. 

172. Was he naturally a fine speaker ? 

Was not ; had a weak constitution and defective utterance. 

173. Was he wealthy ? 

Was left an orphan at the age of seven years, with some 
property, which was squandered by relatives. 

174. How did he become an Orator? 

By striving to regain his property, and pleading for his 
rights before the Athenian courts. 

175. Was he successful? 

At the age of twenty-one he regained a part of his prop- 
erty. 

176. What are his most noted Orations ? 
His Philippics. 



44 GREECE. 

177. What were the Philippics ? 
Orations against the invasion of Philip. 

178. What did the Macedonians do with Demosthenes ? 

They threw him into prison, but he escaped by the aid of 
friends, and remained in exile until the death of Alex- 
ander. 

179. Did he ever return? 

He did, but was again sought by the Macedonian King, 
Antipater. 

1 80. Where did he take refuge ? 
In the temple. 

181. Was he captured ? 

He carried with him poison, to prevent his capture, and 
before the officers of Antipater could capture him he 
took from his own hand the fatal dose. 

182. What is the next subdivision of the Historic Period? 
The Roman— 146 B. C. to 395 A. D. 

183. What did the Romans do when they captu?'ed Greece ? 
Built the city of Corinth, and made it the capital. 

184. What may be said of At hois ? 

It continued to be the seat of culture and education. 

185. How were the Grecians now governed? 
Entirely by Rome, for 541 years, 

186. When did Paul visit Greece ? 
About the year 50 A. D. 

187. Where did he dwell? 

At Corinth, and followed his occupation of tent-making. 

188. How long did Paul remain in Greece ? 
About two years. 

189. When was the Roman Capital removed to Byzantium? 
In the year 330 A. D. 

190. When was the Ro?nan Empire divided ? 
In 395 A. D. 

191. How was it divided ? 

Into an Eastern and Western Empire. 



GREECE. 45 



192. To which one did Greece belong ? 

On account of location, to the Eastern. 

193. What subdivision now commences ? 
The Byzantine (395 to 1453 A. D.) 

194. What was the condition of Greece for the next one thousand 

years ? 
Nothing of importance ; a few invasions by Normans and 
Turks. 

195. What finally happened? 

In 1453 Mahomed II. took Byzantium, and conquered all 
Greece. 

196. What did Greece then becojne ? 
A part of the Turkish Empire. 

197. What is the last subdivision of the Historic Period? 
The Modern, from 1453 to the present. 

198. What may be said of Greece under the Turks ? 

The people were greatly oppressed, and the country but 
little improved. 

199. When was the Greek Church established ? 
During the Byzantine Period. 

200. Has there been any uprising against the Turks ? 
One, in 1821. 

201 . What was the result ? 

The Independence of Greece was proclaimed in 1822. 

202. Wheji was a new Constitution adopted ? 
In 1844. 

203. Who is the present King? 
Prince George. 

204. Whe7i did he become King? 
In the year 1863. 

205. Who was the teacher of Alexander ? 
Aristotle, the Philosopher. 

206. What are some of the sayings of the Wise Men of Greece t 
" Know thyself," "Avoid excess," " Consider the end," etc. 



46 



207. Name four Heroes of Greece. 
Orpheus, Theseus, Hercules, and Minos. 

208. According to tradition, how many tasks were given to 

Hercules ? 
Twelve, which he readily performed. 

209. Who gave him the tasks? 
Jupiter. 



ROME. 



1 . Where is Italy f 

It is the central one of three great peninsulas that extend 
from the south of Europe into the Mediterranean Sea. 

2. What is the size of the Peninsula f 

Length, 700 miles ; width on the north, 350 miles, and in 
the south 100 miles. — Smith. 

3. What sea bounds Italy on the East ? 

The Adriatic, called by the Romans " Mare Superum." 

4. Into how many parts may Italy be divided ? 
Two ; Northern and Southern. 

5. What was the dividing line ? 
The Po River. 

6. What was Northern Italy called by the Romans ? 
Gallia Cisalpina. 

7. Why so called? 

It meant the country inhabited by Gauls, on this side of 
the Alps. 

8. How was Italy divided? 

Into fourteen Districts or States. 

9. Into how many Classes are the early inhabitants divided ? 
Into three great classes : Italians, Iapygians, and Etrus- 
cans. 

10. Where did the Italians inhabit? 
The central part of Italy. 



ROME. 47 



1 1 . Into what two branches were the Italians divided ? 
Latins and Umbro-Sabellians. 

12. What seems to have been the origin of the Italians ? 

It is evident they are related to the Greeks, and at some 
remote period immigrated from the East. 

13. Where did the Iapygians dwell? 

In the extreme south-eastern part of Italy. 

14. Who are they supposed to be ? 

The original inhabitants of Italy, who were driven to the 
south by the new comers from the East. — Smith. 

1 5. Where did the Etrusca?is dwell? 
In the northern part of Italy. 

16. Besides these three Races, who else settled in Italy in 

ancient times ? 
Greek colonists, and Gauls from the north. 

17. What general name finally included all the inhabitants of 

Italy ? 
Romans. 

18. How many Periods in Roman History? 
Three, given by most authors. 

19. What are they ? 

The Mythical, 753 to 510 B. C. ; the Heroic, 510 to 27 B. 
C. ; and the Age of Emperors, 27 B. C. to 455 A. D. 

20. When does trustworthy history of Rome begin ? 
About the year 281 B. C. 

21. Why no earlier than this ? 

About this time the Gauls sacked the city and destroyed 
the records. 

22. What must we depend upon for the early history of Rome ? 
Legends and traditions. 

23. When was Rome founded? 
April 21, 753 B. C— Smith. 

24. Where was it built ? 

On the Tiber River, fifteen miles from its mouth. 



43 . ROME. 



25. By whom was it founded? 
Romulus. 

26. Who was Romulus f 

He was a twin brother of Remus. 
. Who were their parents ? 
Their mother was Rhea Silvia, and their father was the 
God Mars. — Tradition. 

28. What became of Rhea Silvia ? 

She was a vestal virgin, and not allowed to marry, and on 
account of her breaking her oath she was put to death. 

29. What sentence was passed on the twin children ? 
They were doomed to drown in the Tiber River. 

30. How were they rescued? 

By the cradle in which they were placed washing ashore, 
and a wolf carrying them to her den and feeding them 
until at last they were discovered by the shepherds, one 
of whom took them home and raised them, giving them 
the names of Romulus and Remus. — Legendary . 

31. When they were grown, what did they prepare to do ? 
To build a city somewhere on the Tiber. 

32. What dispute now arose between them ? 
As to where it should be built. 

33. Where did each wish to build? 

Romulus desired to build on the Palatine Hill, and Remus 
on the Aventine. 

34. What was the result of the contention ? 

By the aid of the shepherds it was decided in. favor of 
Romulus. 

35. What became of Remus ? 

He was slain by Romulus for jumping over the wall of 
the city. 

36. Who was the first King of Rome ? 
Romulus. 



ROME. 49 



37. How did Romulus obtain inhabitants for the city ? 

By making Rome an asylum for murderers, slaves, and 
thieves. 

38. How were women obtained for the city ? 

By kidnapping the Latin and Sabine virgins. 

39. Hozv long did Romulus reign ? 

From 753 B. C. until his death, 716 B. C. 

40. What is said of Romulus' death ? 

According to tradition, while he was standing near the 
"Goat's Pool," in the Campus Martius, reviewing his 
militia, the sun was suddenly eclipsed, and a dark storm 
swept over them. When light returned, the people 
looked round for their king, but he was gone. His 
father, Mars, had carried him up to heaven in a chariot 
of fire. 

41 . Who succeeded Romulus ? 

Numa Pompilius, from 716 to 673 B. C. 

42. What is said of his reign ? 

It was prosperous. He built the Temple of Janus, and 
established Religious Institutions. 

43. Who succeeded Pompilius ? 
Tullus Hostilius, 673 to 641 B. C. 

44. What may be said of his reign ? 

It was as warlike as Numa's reign had been peaceful. His 
most memorable act was the destruction of Alba Longa. 

45. Who succeeded Hostilius ? 
Ancus Marcius, 641 to 616 B. C. 

46. What may be said of his reign ? 
It was peaceable. 

47. Did he have any war? 
One, the War with the Latins. 

48. What effect did this war have on Rome ? 

It greatly increased the Plebeian population. 

49. Who succeeded Ancus Marcius ? 
Tarquinius Priscus, 616 to 578 B. C. 



SO ROME. 



50. How was his reig7i distinguished ? 

By great exploits in war and great works in peace. 

5 1 . What improvements did he make ? 

Built the great sewers of the city, many of which still 
remain* 

52. How did Tarquinius come to his death ? 
Was assassinated by jealous enemies. 

53. Who succeeded him ? 

Servius Tullius, 578 to 534 B. C. 

54. What may be said of his reign ? 
If was very peaceable. 

55. What great thing did he do ? 
Reformed the Constitution and laws. 

56. What other great work did he do ? 

Extended the walls of the city until " Rome sat on seven 
hills." 

57. Name the Seven Hills included in the Servian Wall. 
Palatine, Aventine, Capitoline, Cselian, Ouirinal, Viminal, 

and Esquilian. 

58. How did Servius come to his death ? 

He was murdered by one of his sons-in-law. 

59. Who succeeded him ? 

His son-in-law and murderer, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus. 

60. How long did Lucius rule f 
From 534 to 510 B. C. 

61 . What may be said of his reign ? 
It was very tyrannical. 

62. What effect did such reigning have o?i the people ? 

They became very much dissatisfied with kings for rulers. 

63. What was the final result ? 

They threw off the kingly government, and the tyrant 
Lucius, or Tarquin, as he was called, was forced into exile. 

64. What was celebrated in honor of the event ? 

On the 24th of February an annual feast was held. 



5* 



65. What did Tarqum attempt? 
To regain the throne by arms. 

66. How many attempts did he make ? 
Three. 

67. When did he die ? 
In the year 496 B. C. 

68. What may be said of Rome for the next 150 years ? 
It was a period of civil wars and internal struggles. 

69. Who were the two great Classes at Rome ? 
The Patricians and Plebeians. 

70. Which was the ruling Class f 
The Patricians. 

71. How long did this contimie ? 
Until the year 451 B. C. 

72. What change took place then f 
The Decemvirate was appointed. 

73. What was the Decemvirate? 

Ten men appointed to have control of the laws. 

74. How long did this last ? 
For two years. 

7 5 . What kind of Government followed the Dece7nvirate ? 
Two Consuls were elected in place of the Decemvirate. 

76. Did the number of Consuls ever vary ? 
There were from two to six at different times. 

77. When did the Consul form of government cease? 
In the year 390 B. C. 

78. What took place then ? 

The Gauls crossed the mountains and started for Rome. 

79. By what other name were the Gauls known ? 
The Celts. 

80. Where did they inhabit ? 

Gaul, the British Isles, and Italy, north of the Po River. 

81. What did the Gauls do with Rome ? 
Laid the city in ashes. 



5 2 • ROME. 



82. What spite had the Gauls against Rome ? 

Rome had fought against the Gauls in the Battle of Clu- 
sium (B. C. 391.) 

83. What was the battle-cry of the Gauls ? 
" On to Rome." 

84. Was all the city burned ? 

All except a few houses on the Palatine. 

85. How were the Gauls persuaded to leave the city ? 
By the Romans paying a large sum of gold. 

86. What did the Romans now do ? 

They partially rebuilt the city, but with great irregularity. 

87. Who was the Roman leader at this time ? 

Camillus, who led them in several successful attacks 
against the Gauls. 

88. What was the domestic condition of Rome ? 

A great many poor people suffered on account of the 
expense of rebuilding their homes. 

89. What was the law of Debtor and Creditor? 

Those who could not pay their debts were carried away 
into bondage. 

90. How was the domestic trouble settled ? 

By a revision of the laws the people at last became united, 
and were ready to commence conquering their neighbors'. 

9 1 . Whom did they conquer first ? 
The Samnites and Latins. 

92. What happened in the year 362 B. C. ? 

A great plague, or pestilence, visited the city, and de- 
stroyed many useful citizens.— Legendary. 

93. Name some noted victim of the pestilence. 
Camillus. 

94. What was the next great struggle of Rome ? 
With the Latins, to see who should govern Italy. 

95. Where did the great armies meet? 

At the foot of Mount Vesuvius (340 B. C.) 



ROME. 53 



96. What was the result of the battle ? 

A Roman victory ; three-fourths of the Latin army were 
slain. — Smith. 

97. How long did the Romans and the Sammies keep up this 

Civil War? 
Until the year 290 B. C. 

98. Who submitted f 

The Samnites became the subjects of Rome. 

99. Where did Rome now turn her attention ? 
To Carthage. 

100. Where was Carthage f 

On the African coast of the Mediterranean. 

101. Where was the first battle field? 
The island of Sicily, south of Italy. 

102. How long did the first Punic War last? 
Twenty-four years, 264-241 B. C. 

103. What was the result? 

Carthage surrendered Sicily, gave up all prisoners, and 
paid $2,500,000. 

104. Who was the great Carthaginian General? 
Hamilcar. 

105. Hozv many Punic Wars were fought ? 
Three. 

106. When did they end? 
In the year 146 B. C. 

107. Who made the invasio7i of Italy during these Wars ? 
Hannibal. 

108. What was the final result ? 

Carthage was destroyed, and her territory became a Ro- 
man Province. 

109. What was the condition of Rome at this time ? 
She now owned at least ten foreign dominions, 

i 10. What happened Rome after this ? 
Civil trouble began to arise. 



54 ROME. 



in. Who was the Roman leader in the Punic Wars ? 
Scipio Africanus. 

112. When did he die ? 

In the year 129 B. C. he was assassinated. 

113. What great danger next threatened Rome f 

The Barbarians had been collecting north of the Alps. 

114. When did the Barbarians enter Italy? 
In the year 102 B. C. 

115. What was the result of their Invasion ? 

They were totally defeated by the Romans under Marius. 

116. What may be said of Rome for the next few years ? 
Social and civil wars reigned almost continually. 

117. When was f alius Gzsar born f 
In the year 100 B. C. 

118. When was he appointed to office ? 
In the year 68 B. C. 

119. What other great men were born about the same time as 

Casar ? 
Pompey, 106 B. C, and Cicero the same year. 

120. What may be said of Cicero? 

He was the greatest of Roman Orators. 

121. Who formed a great Conspiracy in Rome about this time ? 
Catiline, who was defeated for Consul. 

122. Who delivered a speech against Catiline ? 
Cicero. 

123. What became of Catiline? 

He fell in a struggle for his capture, after he had been con- 
victed of treason, in the year 62 B. C. 
1^24. When CcBsar was elected Consul what did he do ? 
Set out to conquer Gaul. 

125. How far did he go ? 

Crossed the Rhine and landed in Great Britain. 

126. When did Civil War again break out in Rome ? 
In the year 49 B. C, 



ROME. 55 



1 27. Between whom f 

The friends of Caesar and those of Pompey. 

128. What was the result ? 

A total defeat of Pompey's army. 

129. What became of Pompey ? 

He was beheaded in Egypt, where he had taken refuge. 

130. Who 7iow became the Great Ruler of Ro?ne ? 
Julius Caesar. 

131. What Civil Act did he do ? 

Revised the calendar, and several laws. 

132. In the meantime what happened ? 

A great conspiracy was formed against his life. 

133. How many were in the Co?ispiracy f 
Nearly one hundred persons. 

1 34. Who were some noted ones ? 
Brutus and Cassius. 

135. What was the result of the Conspiracy ? 

Julius Caesar was assassinated on the 15th of March, 44 B. 
C, in the Senate. 

136. Who now ruled affairs in Rome ? 
Antony. 

137. Who made orations against Antony ? 
Cicero. 

138. What became of Cicero ? 

He was killed by Antony's friends. 

139. What became of his head ? 

It was nailed to the Rostra, which had so often witnessed 
the triumphs of the orator. 

140. What became of A?itony ? 

He was ensnared by Cleopatra of Egypt, and finally he 
stabbed himself. 

141. When did Augustus Ccesar reign ? 
From 31 B. C. to 14 A. D. 

142. How did Augustus rule his Provinces? 
By Proconsuls. 



56 ROME. 



143. When did he die ? 

August 19th, 14 A. D. — Smith. 

144. Who succeeded Augustus Ccesar? 
Tiberius Caesar. 

145. How long did he reign ? 
From 14 A. D. to 37 A. D. 

146. Who succeeded Tiberius? 
Caius. 

147. How long did Caius reign ? 
From 37 A. D. to 41 A. D. 

148. Who were the next rulers ? 
The Neros. 

149. Who was the wickedest Ruler? 
Nero II. (54 A. D. to 68 A. D.) 

1 50. What was his first cruel act ? 
The murder of his mother. 

151. What other great crime was he guilty of? 
The burning of Rome. 

152. Why did he burn the city ? 

In order that he might, blame the Christians, and then have 
a pretense for their persecution. 

153. What great man is supposed to have been put to death in 

this persecution ? 
The Apostle Paul, who must have been at Rome at this 
time. 

154. What became of Nero ? 

He was dethroned, and came to his death by his own 
hand, 68 A. D. 

155. How did Rome continue to be governed? 
By different rulers. 

156. When was the Roman Empire divided? 

In 395 A. D., into an Eastern and Western Empire. 

157. When did Rome acknowledge the supremacy of Constanti- 

nople? 
In the year 476 A. D. 



ENGLAND. 



158. When did the Goths get control of Italy ? 
In 536 A. D. 

1 59. What German race entered Italy f 
The Lombards, or Long-beards. 

160. What is the present government of Italy ? 
A kingdom. 

161. Is the Government Limited or Absolute? 
Limited. 

162. What work did Julius Casar write? 
" Commentaries on Gallic War." 

163. Name three Philosophers of Rome? 
Seneca, Pliny, and Mela. 

1 64. Name a Medical writer of Rome ? 
Celsus. 

165. What was the religion of the Romans ? 
Idol worship of the heathen gods. 

166. Who was the Goddess of Home? 
Vesta. 

167. How many Sacred Colleges had Rome? 

Four: Pontiffs, Augurs, Heralds, and Keepers of the 
Sibylline Books. 



ENGLAND. 



1. Where is England? 

West of Europe, separated from the main-land by the 
English Channel and Strait of Dover. 

2. What does Great Britain include ? 
England, Scotland, and Wales. 

3. Into how many Periods is English History divided? 
Five. 



58 ENGLAND. 



4. What are they ? 

The Prehistoric, the Roman, the Saxon, the Norman, and 
Royal. 

5. How long did the Prehistoric Age last ? 

From antiquity to the Invasion by the Romans under 
Caesar, 55 B. C. 

6. What record have we of the aboriginal inhabitants ? 
Only the mounds, with their implements of stone and 

bronze. 

7. How long did the Roman Period last ? 
From 55 B. C. to 449 A. D. 

8. When did the Picts and Scots make their invasions from 

the north ? 
During the Roman Period. 

9. What did the Romans do for the country ? 
Made improvements, built roads, bridges, etc. 

10. Who assisted the Britons in driving out the Romans ? 
The Germans. 

1 1 . What reward did the Germans get? 

Tracts of land, and especially the Island of Thanet. 

12. How did the Germans begin to act? 
As conquerors, rather than friends. 

13. What did they finally do ? 
Established the Heptarchy. 

14. What became of the Britons ? 

They were henceforth called Welsh, and driven to the 
mountains on the west coast of the island. 

15. What was the name of some of the German Tribes who 

invaded Briton ? 
Angles, Saxons, and Juts. 

16. Why was Briton called England? 

The land of the Angles, or Angeland, modernized into 
England. 

17. How long did the Saxon Period last ? 
From 449 A. D. to 827 A, D, 



ENGLAND. 50 



18. What danger now threatened England? 

The Danes, or Northmen, were coming from the north. 

19. What was the standard of the Northmen ? 
The Emblem of the Black Raven. 

20. How long did the Norman Period last ? 
From 827 to 1399 A. D. 

2 1 . Name the Seven Kingdoms which formed the Saxon Hep- 

tarchy ? 
Kent, Sussex, Nessex, East Saxony, East Anglia, Marcia, 
and Northumberland. 

22. When did St. Augustine, the Missionary, arrive in Eng- 

land? 
About the year 601 A. D. 

23. How many Houses governed England during the Norman 

Period (827 A. D. to 1399 A. D.) 
Four. 

24. What were they ? 

Saxon, Danish, Norman, and Plantagenet. 

25. How long did the Saxons govern England? 
One hundred and ninety years. 

26. Who was their greatest King ? 
King Alfred. 

27. How long did Alfred reign ? 
For thirty years. 

28. Hozv long did the Danes have control ? 
Twenty-four years. 

29. Who was one of the Danish Kings ? 
Canute the Great. 

30. Who followed the Danes ? 

The Saxons were restored for twenty-live years. 

31. What Battle ended the Saxon rule ? 
The Battle of Hastings. 

32. Who was the He?~o of this battle / 
William the Conqueror. 



6o ENGLAND. 



33. When and where was he crowned? 

At Westminster Abbey, on Christmas, 1086 A. D. 

34. How did the new king treat the English ? 

Kindly, though he favored the Normans in military and 
official positions. 

35. What may be said of William's life ? 

It was one of constant turmoil from enemies. 

36. How did he die ? 

Neglected by all friends, who were already contending for 
the throne. 

37. Who succeeded him? 
William II. 

38. What great enthusiasm seised the people of the world 

during the reign of William II. 
The First Crusade. 

39. Who was among the leaders in the Crusade ? 
Robert of Normandy. 

40. What was the cause of the Crusade ? 

Palestine had been conquered by the Turks, who ill-treated 
the Christian pilgrims to the holy places. 

41. What effect did this treatment have on the Christian 

World? 
All Christendom arose to arms to take the Sepulchre of 
Christ from the unbelievers. 

42. What is said of William II. as a sportsman ? 

He was a great lover of hunting, and had forests built for 
that purpose. 

43. When did he come to his death ? 

In the year noo, while out hunting, he was shot with an 
arrow. 

44. Who succeeded him ? 

His brother Henry (noo.A. D. to 1135 A. D.) 

45. What trouble did Henry meet? 

His brother Robert, who led the Crusade, returned and 
laid claim to the English Throne, 



ENGLAND. 6l 



46. What was 1 'he final result of their strife ? 
Henry conquered Robert and took him prisoner. 

47. How long did Robert remain in prison ? 
Twenty-eight years, when death came to his relief. 

48. Who succeeded Henry ? 
His daughter, Matilda. 

49. What became of his son William ? 
Was drowned in crossing the channel. 

50. What is- meant by Plantagenet ? 

Matilda's husband, Count of Anjou, always wore a sprig in 
his cap. The sprig was of Genesta, the common broom 
of Anjou, hence he was nicknamed the " Plantagenet." 

51. Was this name given to his descendants ? 

It was, to the whole line, who ruled for 245 years. 

52. Name a famous man of this time ? 
Richard, the Lion-hearted. 

5 3. What did Richard do ? 
Hj joined the Crusades. 

54. When did he rule, or wear the crown of England? 
From 1 189 A. D. to 1199 A. D. 

55. Who was Richard? 

A Frenchman, a Crusader, a Poet, and a Hero. 
56.- What was his character? 

A hero in the Third Crusade ; a hater of unbelievers. 

57. Of his ten years' 1 reign, how long was he in England ? 
About one year. 

58. Where did Richard go ? 

Embarked with an army for the Holy Land. 

59. What army joined him ? 

The French, making in all 1 00,00 d men. 

60. Whom did he leave as rulers at home ? 
The Bishops Durham and Ely. 



62 ENGLAND. 



61. What was his success abroad? 

He conquered the Isle of Cyprus, and the Seaport of Acre, 
and several other cities, but was prevented in his attack 
on Jerusalem by the dissensions and desertion of his 
French allies, under King Philip. 

62. What was the result of the pilgrimage ? 

King Richard made a truce with Saladin, Sultan of Egypt, 
thereby securing several Mediterranean ports, with free- 
dom of Pilgrimage to the Christians. 

63. What happened at home during this time ? 

King Philip, who had deserted him, had returned, and was 
assisting Richard's brother John in the attempt to sub- 
due all Richard's dominions. 

64. What did Richard do on hearing the news ? 
He started for home in haste. 

65. How did he go ? 

He landed on the coast of the Adriatic, and commenced 
his journey through Europe disguised as a merchant 
(1 192 A. D.) 

66. What happened him at Vienna ? 

He was recognized by his enemy, the Duke, and im- 
prisoned. 
6y. How did he escape ? 

By paying a ransom of over $12,000,000. 

68. On his release what did he do ? 

Returned to England, forgave his enemies, and expelled 
King Philip from his dominions. 

69. When did Richard die ? 

He was killed by one of his servants in the year 1 199 A. D. 

70. What are the dates of the next Period ? 
From 1399 A. D. to the present. 

71. How many different Houses reigned in this Period? 
Five. 

72. What are they ? 

Lancaster, York, Tudor, Stuart, and Hanover. 



ENGLAND. 63 



73. How long did the House of Lancaster rule? 
Sixty-two years. 

74. Who were the Rulers of Lancaster House ? 
Henries IV., V., and VI. 

75. How long did the House of York rule ? 

Twenty-four years, by Edwards IV., V., and Richard III, 

76. How long did the House of Tudor reign ? 
One hundred and eighteen years. 

yy. Who were the Kings of this House ? 
Henries VII. and VIII., and Edward VI. 

78. Who were the Queens of the House of Tudor? 
Mary, wife of Philip of Spain, and Elizabeth. 

79. What was Elisabeth called ? 
" Good Queen Bess." 

80. How old was Edward VII. at his coronation ? 
Nine years, and he died at the age of sixteen. 

8 1 . How long did the House of Stuart reign ? 
One hundred and eleven years 

82. How many Kings and Queens ruled in the ?'eign of the 

Stuarts ? 
Seven. 

83. Who were the Kings and Queens ? 

James I., Charles I., Charles II., James II., William III., 
Mary II., and Queen Anne. 

84. How long did the House of Hanover reign ? 

One hundred and seventy-five years, or to the present 
date. 

85. What other name is often given to this House? 
Brunswick. 

86. Who have been the rulers of this House ? 

Georges I., II., III., and IV, William IV., and Queen 
Victoria. 

87. Who succeeded King Richard ? 
King John, 1 199 A. D. to 1216 A. D. 

3 



64 ENGLAND. 



88. What great thing did he do ? 

He signed the Magna Charta (121 5 A. D.) 

89. What may be said of the Magna Charta ? 
It was the basis of the English Constitution. 

90. When and how did King John die ? 

A natural death, in the year 12 16 A. D. 

91. Who succeeded King John? 

His son, Henry III (1216-1272 A. D.) 

92. What is said of Henry's reign t 

It was noted for civil war. The great famine occurred at 
this time, and the Oxford School established. 

93. Who succeeded Henry III.? 
Edward I. (1272-1307 A. D.) 

94. What promise did he make the Welsh ? 

To give them a ruler born in their own land, who could not 
speak a word of French or English. 

95. Did he keep his promise ? 

He did, in the person of his own' son, who was born in 
their castle the day previous. 

96. To what custom did this give rise? 

Calling the eldest son of the Sovereign the Prince of Wales. 

97. When did Edward die ? 

In the year 1307, while on an Invasion into Scotland. 

98. Who succeeded Edward I ? 
Edward II. (1 307-1 327 A. D.) 

99. What is said of his reign ? 
He was a very weak ruler. 

100. What Scotch King was his enemy ? 
Robert Bruce. 

101. What Battle was fought between them ? 

The Battle of Bannockburn, where 100,000 English were 
defeated by 30,000 Scots. 

102. What became of Edward II. ? 

He was put to death by order of his wife. 



ENGLAND. 65 



103. Who succeeded Edward II. ? 

His son, Edward III., aged fourteen (1327-1377 A. D.) 

104. What great Battle did Edward III. fight? 
The Battle of Crecy, against the French. 

105. What did the English use in this battle ? 
Gunpowder, the first they had used in warfare, 1346 A. D. 

106. Who succeeded Edward III. ? 
Richard of Bordeaux (1 377-1 399 A. D.) 

107. What was the character of his reign ? 
Continual trouble with French and rebels at home. 

108. What became of him ? 

He was imprisoned, and afterwards found dead in his cell. 

109. Who succeeded Richard II ? 

Henry IV., of the House of Lancaster (1 399-141 3 A. D.) 
no. When did Henry IV. die? 

In the year 1431, in Westminster Abbey. 
in. Who succeeded He7iry IV. ? 

His son, Henry V. (1413-1422 A. D.) 

112. What is said of his reign ? 

His reign was prosperous, and he was greatly respected by 
his subjects. 

113. What military affairs engaged his attention ? 

The subjugation of France, which gave him great glory. 

1 14. When did he die ? 

In the year 1422 A. D., of a sudden disease. 

115. Who succeeded Henry V. ? 
Henry VI. (1422-1461 A. D.) 

1 16. What was England 's relation to France at this time? 
England controlled France until the year 1428, when the 

tide turned. 

1 17. What great battle or siege occurred in the year 1428 ? 
The Siege of Orleans, in France. 

118. Who was the Heroine of this siege ? 
Joan of Arc, a peasant girl, 



66 ENGLAND. 



1 19. What did Joan of Arc do ? 

Obtained command of the forces, and drove the English 
from their fortifications. 

120. What became of the Heroine? 

She was finally captured by the English, and condemned 
to be burned to death ( 1431). 

121. What kind of Sovereign was Henry VI. f 

Very weak minded, and finally became an imbecile. 

122. What new House of Royalty was rising in England ? 
The House of York. 

123. What was commenced in 1455 ? 

The "Wars of the Roses," between the Yorks and Lan- 
caster. 

124. Why so called ? 

The Yorkists wore a white rose and the Lancasters a red 
one as their symbols. 

125. What was the first battle ? 

That of St. Albans, in which the King was wounded. 

126. Who finally succeeded him as King? 

Edward IV., of the House of York (1461-1483 A. D.) 

127. What was the chafacter of Edward IV. ? 
He was an able but cruel King. 

128. What may be said of his military conquests ? 

There was almost constant war between the Houses of 
York and Lancaster until the year 1482. 

129. When was Printing introduced into England? 
In the year 1476, by Caxton, of London. 

130. When did Edward IV. die ? 
In the year 1482. 

131. Who succeeded him ? 

Edward, his eldest son, under the regency of his uncle, 
Richard. 

132. What became of Edward IV. ? 

It is supposed he was smothered to death by ruffians hired 
by his uncle, 



ENGLAND. 6j 



133. Who then took the Throne ? 

Richard III., of Gloucester (1483-1485 A. D.) 

134. What effect did the death of Edward have on the people ? 
They began to sympathize with another line of rulers, the 

Tudors. 

135. Who was the first Ruler of the Tudors ? 
Henry VII. (1485-1509 A. D.) 

136. What was the conditio?i of England at this time ? 

A new era dawned, which was greatly promoted by the 
introduction of books, printed matter, etc. 

137. What Explorers were sent out by Henry VII. f 
The Cabots, to America. 

138. When did he die ? 

In the year 1509 A. D. 

139. Who succeeded Henry VII. f 
Henry VIII. (1509-1547 A. D.) 

140. What effect did the crowning of Henry VIII. have on the 

rival families of York and Lancaster ? 
They were united. 

141. How many wives had Henry VIII. ? 

Six: Catharine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, 
Ann of Cleves, Catharine Howard, and Catharine Parr. 

142. When did the King die ? 
In the year 1547 A. D. 

143. Who succeeded him ? 
Edward VI. (1 547-1 553 A. D.) 

144. How old was Edward ? 

He was in his tenth year when he took the reign. 

145. Who succeeded Edward VI. ? 
Queen Mary (155 3— 1558 A. D.) 

146. When did she die ? 

In the year 1558 A. D., of a fever. 

147. Who succeeded Mary ? 

Elizabeth (" Good Queen Bess "), daughter of Anne Boleyn, 
next ascended the throne, 1558 A. D. 



68 ENGLAND. 



148. What may be said of her reign ? 
It was a great literary age. 

149. Who succeeded Elizabeth ? 
James I. (1603-1625). 

150. What is said of his reign ? 

It was an age of voyage and discovery. 

151. What Colony did him honor ? 
The colony of Jamestown. 

152. What great war began in his time ? 
The Thirty Years' War (1618 A. D.) 

153. When did he die ? 
In 1625 A. D. 

1 54. Who succeeded him ? 
Charles I. (1 625-1 649.) 

155. What war broke out during his reign ? 
The Civil Wars. 

156. Who were the cotitending parties ? 
The King and Parliament. 

1 57. What was the result ? 

The King's party was defeated, and he was finally be- 
headed in the year 1649 A. D. 

1 58. What ki7id of Government nozu ruled ? 
. The Commonwealth (1 649-1 660 A. D.) 

1 59. Who was the Leader of the Commonwealth ? 
Oliver Cromwell. 

160. When did Cromwell die ? 
September 3, 1658 A. D. 

161. Who succeeded him f 
His son, Richard. 

162. When was the Kingdom restored? 
May, 1660 A. D. 

163. Who was proclaimed King? 
Charles II, (1660-1685 A. D.) 

164. When did Charles II. die? 
In the year j 68 5. 



ENGLAND. 69 



165. What was he nicknamed f 
The " Merry Monarch." 

166. Who succeeded Charles II. ? 

James II., Duke of York (1685-1688 A. D.) 

167. What became of James II. ? 

By his injustice he was forced to fly to France. 

168. Who succeeded James II. ? 

William and Mary of Orange (1689-1694 A. D.) 

169. When did Mary die ? 
In the year 1694. 

170. Whe?t did William die ? 

In 1702 ; death caused by a fall from his horse. 

171. Who succeeded William ? 

Queen Anne (1702-1714 A. D.) " Good Queen Anne," as 
she was called, was the last of the Stuarts. 

172. When was the union of England and Scotland? 
In 1707, under the name of Great Britain. 

173. When did Anne die ? 

Anne's health was very much affected by the dissensions 
of her ministers, and she died in 1714. 

174. Who succeeded Anne ? 

King George I., of the House of Brunswick (1714-1727 
A. D.) 

175. When did George I. die ? 

In 1727 A. D., at Hanover, while on his annual visit. 

176. Who succeeded hint ? 

His son, George II. (1727-1760 A. D.) 

177. When did he die ? 

In 1760 A. D., as dull a monarch as England ever had, 
passed away. 

178. Who succeeded him ? 

His grandson, George III. (1760-1820 A. D.) 

179. What is said of his reign f 

It was the longest of any English King. 



JO ENGLAND. 



1 80. What great war occurred in his reign ? 
The American Revolution. 

181. What hastened the Revolution ? 

The character and unjust acts of the King. 

182. What was the result of the War? 

The Independence of the United States, and a war debt 
for Great Britain of 100,000,000 pounds. 

183. What became of George III. ? 

The last ten years of his life he was insane, a.nd finally 
died in 1820 A. D. 

184. Who followed George III. ? 

His son was appointed Regent when his father became 
insane, and held the office from 181 1 to 1820 A. D. 

185. Who succeeded George III. as King? 
George IV. (1820-1830 A. D.) 

186. When did George IV. die ? 
In 1830 A. D. 

1S7. Who succeeded George IV. ? 
William IV. (1830-1837 A. D.) 

188. When did William IV. die? 
In the year 1837 A. D. 

189. Who succeeded him ? 

Princess Victoria, daughter of the Duke of Kent (1837 
A. D.) 

190. Who?n did Victoria marry? 

Her cousin Albert, of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. 

191. What has been the character of her reign ? 
Generally peaceable. 

192. Into how many divisions is Parliame?it divided? 
Two ; the Lords and Commons. 

193. How many ?nembers in the House of Lords ? 
Four hundred and eighty-eight. 

194. How many in the House of Commons ? 
Six hundred and fifty-eight. 



ENGLAND. 



7* 



195. Which House is elected by the people f 
The House of Commons. 

196. Who assists the Sovereign in ruling? 
A Cabinet of Ministers or Lords. 

197. If a proposed measure is lost by a vote of Parliament, what 

is the result? 
The Ministry resign. The Sovereign then sends for the 
leader of the opposition, who is requested to form a new 
Cabinet. 

198. What were Gladstone 's measures ? 

He proposed a reform of the Irish Universities. 

1 99. What was the effect ? 

He was not sustained by the House of Commons. 

200. What did he do ? 

Thinking that perhaps the minds of the people had 
changed since the election of the Commons, he dis- 
solved Parliament and called a new election, which 
gave the people an opportunity to express their senti- 
ments by casting the ballot. 

201 . What did the new Parliament do ? 

Defeated his measures by a majority of seventy members 
(1874 A. DO 

202. What effect did this have on Gladstone ? 
He retired from office, as was the custom, 

203. Who succeeded Gladstone ? 

Mr. DTsraeli, the leader of the opposition, was intrusted 
with the appointment of a new Cabinet. 

204. Are there any records kept of the Cabinet proceedings ? 
There are not. 

205. Who first translated the Bible into English ? 
Venerable Bede, born 673 A. D., died 755 A. D. 

206. Who was the leader of the Christian Reformation in Eng- 

land? 
John Wickliffe (1 323-1 384 A. D.) 



72 PROMISCUOUS. 



207. What was done with his translation ? 
It was mostly destroyed. 

208. What bill or decree was passed after his death f 
That no translation should be made. 

209. What was done in 14.15 ? 

WicklifTe's bones were burnt, and the ashes cast into the 
River Avon. 

210. Who was the next Advocator ? 
William Tyndale, born 1484 A. D. 

211. What became of Tyndale f 

He was burnt at the stake, 1536 A. D. 

212. When was the present Version of the Bible translated ? 
From 1603 A. D. to 161 1 A. D., by forty-seven men ap- 
pointed for the purpose. 



PROMISCUOUS. 



1. What were the six Monarchies of the Ancient World f 
Babylon, Assyria, Chaldea, Media, Persia, and Parthia. 

2.- Who was the " Mistress of the World ? " 
Rome. 

3. When was the last of the Gladiators f 
In the year 404 A. D. 

4. Who are the Saracens f 

Arabs who believe in Mahomet. Their religion is called 
Islam. 

5. Who was Peter the Hermit? 

A devoted crusader who lived in the nth century, and 
preached deliverance of the Holy Land. 

6. Name the six Dynasties of the German Empire. 
Carlovingian (481-911 A. D.) ; Saxon (919-1024 A. D.) ; 

Franconian (1024-1125 A. D.) ; Hohenstaufen (1138- 



J*ROMlSCtJOtJS. 73 



1254 A. D.); Hapsburg (1273-1438 A. D.) ; Austria 
(1438-1888 A. D.) 

7. Who was Frederic Barbarosa ? 

The most powerful Emperor that Germany ever had. He 
died in 1190 A. D., while on the Third Crusade. 

8. What was the Refor?nation ? 

The agents of Pope Leo X. were preaching in such strong 
terms, and raising money to build the Cathedral of St. 
Peter, at Rome, that it aroused Martin Luther (1483- 
1546 A. D.), then a lecturer at Wittenberg. 

9. What became of Martin Luther? 

He published ninety-five essays against the preaching of 
the Pope's agents, for which he was summoned before 
the Diet at Worms. His writings were denounced, and 
he was declared a heretic (1520 A. D.) He was im- 
prisoned, but finally given his freedom. 

10. What was the result of Luther s work ? 

The religious war of 1525 A. D. broke out, and all the 
monasteries were plundered, besides the loss of 100,000 
lives. 

11. What was the " Thirty Years' War"? 

Germany was the battle-ground of a succession of wars 
from 1618 A. D. to 1648 A. D. They were the result of 
different religious faith. 

12. What effect did these Wars have on Germany? 
Germany never regained her greatness. 

13. Who was the first King of France ? 
Hugh, crowned in 888 A. D. 

14. What was the "Hundred Years' War"? 

The struggle of England for the crown of France. 

15. When did France beco?ne a Republic ? 
In 1848 A. D. 

16. Who were the first Conquerors of Spain ? 

In 711 A. D. the Moors and Arabs came from Africa, con- 
quered Spain, and set up their capital at Cordova. 



74 PROMISCUOUS. 



17. How long did they rule Spain ? 
Until 1492 A. D. 

18. Who drove the Moors and Jews out of Spain f 
Ferdinand and Isabella. 

19. Who succeeded Ferdinand? 
Charles I., Emperor of Germany. 

20. Name four Greek Philosophers. 
Pythagoras, Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato. 

2 1 . Who were the Seven Wise Men of Greece ? 

Bias, Cleobulus, Chilo, Pittacus, Perriander, Solon, and 
Thales. 

22. Name three Greek Authors. 
Homer, Hesiod, and Anacreon. 

23. Who was Napoleo?i Bonaparte ? 

One of the greatest Generals of modern times. 

24. When was he defeated? 

In 1815, at the Battle of Waterloo/by the combined forces 
of British and Prussians. 

25. What became of Napoleon ? 

He was captured while attempting to escape to America, 
and was carried to the barren Isle of St. Helena, where 
he died in 1821. 

26. Name fourteen Decisive Battles of the Old World. 
Marathon (490 B. C.) ; Syracuse (413 B. C.); Arbela 

(331 B. C.) ; Metansus (207 B. C.) ; Hercynian Forest, or 
Victory of Arminius (9 A. D.); Chalons (451 A. D.); 
Tours (732 A. D.); Hastings (1066 A. D.) ; Orleans 
(1429 A. D.) ; Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588 A. 
D.) ; Blenheim (1704 A. D,) ; Pultowa (1709 A. D.) ; 
Volmy (1792); and Waterloo (1815 A. D.)—Cresy. 

27. Give a short description of the Battle of Marathon. 
Fought in September, 490 B. C, on the plains of Marathon, 

in Greece, between the Persian invaders under Datis, a 
Median General, and Artaphemes, a nephew of Darius. 
They had under their commands over 100,000 men. 



promiscuous. 75 



They were met by the Greeks, numbering 11,000, under 
the command of several Generals, the chief of whom was 
Miltiades. The Persians were defeated by a loss of over 
6,000 men, while the Greeks lost but 200 ; and thus a 
stunning blow was given to the Persian invasion. 

28. Give a short description of the Battle of Syracuse. 

In 413 B. C. the Athenians, with a great number of vessels 
under the commands of Nicias and Demosthenes, in- 
vaded Sicily and laid siege to Syracuse. The siege 
lasted for some time, but was finally repelled with great 
loss to the Athenians, whose progress was thus stopped 
in the west. Gylippus had command of the besieged city. 

29. Give a sh~ort description of the Battle of Ar be la. 

On the left bank of the Tigris River, on October 1, 331 B. 
C, between the Persian Army, under Darius, and the 
Macedonian invaders, under Alexander the Great. The 
result was a complete victory of Alexander over Darius, 
and thus the Great Commander became the ruler of the 
Eastern World. 

30. Give a short description of the Battle of Metansus. 

On the River Metanso, in northern Italy, Hasdrubal, with 
the Carthaginians and Africans, were met by the Ro- 
mans under Nero, in the spring of 207 B. C. Hasdrubal 
was utterly defeated by the Romans, and his invasion of 
Italy from the north was ended. Hasdrubal, who fell in 
this battle, was a brother of Hannibal. 

3 1 . Describe Arminius' victory. 

In Germany, near the town of Driburg, the Roman Army 
under Varus was met by the Germans under Arminius, 
in the year 9 A. D. Varus was killed, and the Roman 
Army totally defeated. The Romans never again at- 
tempted to invade Germany. 

32. Describe the Battle of Chalons. 

Near the city of Chalons, in the north-east of France, the 
Huns, under Attila, met the Romans, under Aetius, in 



J6 PROMISCUOUS. 



the year 451 A. D. The Romans were victorious, and 
from thence the name of Huns ceased to be a terror in 
Europe. 

33. Describe the Battle of Tours. 

Near the city of Tours, on the River Loire, in the year 732 
A. D., Charles Martel, with the Frank warriors, defeated 
the Saracens, or Arabs, under Abderrahman, and thus 
the Moslems were driven out of Western Europe. 

34. Describe the Battle of Hastings. 

Near Hastings, in England, the Norman Army, under 
Harold, met the English under William. It was a Nor- 
man victory (1066 A. D.) 

35. Describe the Battle of Orleans. 

The city of Orleans is on the River Loire, and was besieged 
by the English under the Earl of Salisbury, on the 12th 
of October, 1428 A. D. Finally Salisbury was killed, 
and Lord Suffolk took his place and renewed the siege 
with vigor in the spring of 1429. The city was about to 
surrender when Jenette, or Joan of Arc, a poor peasant 
girl, came to their assistance with a few followers, and 
after being severely wounded she succeeded in raising 
the siege and defeating the English. 

36. Describe the defeat of the Armada. 

The great Spanish fleet under Philip II. met the English 
in the English Channel. Lord Effingham commanded 
the English vessels. The Spanish Armada was nearly 
all destroyed, and the result was an English victory 
(1588 A. D.) 

37. Describe the Battle of Blenheim. 

This decisive battle, near the village of Blenheim, between 
the English under the Duke of Marlborough and Prince 
Eugene, and the French under Tallard and Marsin. 
Thus Germany was delivered from France, as the Eng- 
lish were the conquerors. This battle was fought in 
August, 1704, A. D. 



promiscuous. 77 



38. Describe the Battle of Pultowa. 

In the spring of the year 1709 A. D., on the River Vorksla, 
the town of Pultowa was fortified by Charles, King of 
Sweden, who was making an invasion of Russia. But 
here he was met by the Czar, Peter, with the Russian 
Army, and defeated, and thus ended the invasion of his 
country. 

39. Describe the Battle of Volmy. 

Near the village of Volmy, in the north-east of France, in 
the year 1792 A. D., the German invaders, consisting of 
Prussians, Russians, Hessians, and Germans, under the 
Duke of Brunswick, were met by the French under the 
command of Kellerman, who defeated them and ended 
their intended destruction of Paris. 

40. Describe the Battle of Waterloo. 

On the 1 8th of June, 1816 A. D., the French Army, under 
Napoleon, was met near Brussels by the Allied English 
Army of 68,000 men, under the Duke of Wellington. 
Napoleon's Army consisted of about 70,000 men. Na- 
poleon was completely defeated in this battle, and was 
taken prisoner by the British. 

41. Name four Decisive Battles of the New World. 

Quebec (1759 A - D ; Saratoga (1777 A. D.); Perry's 
Victory (1813 A. D.) ; and Gettysburg (1863 A. D.) 

42. Describe the Battle of Quebec. 

In September, 1759, the English, under General Wolf, on 
the Plains of Abraham, just above the city of Quebec, 
stood ready to meet the French, under Montcalm. Both 
Generals were killed, the French defeated, and Quebec 
surrendered. 

43. What did this battle decide, f 

That the English people should rule America. 

44. Describe the Battle of Saratoga. 

The American Army, under General Gates, defeated and 
captured the British, under General Burgoyne, and thus 



yS PROMISCUOUS. 



freed America from all fear of invasion from Canada, 
and greatly inspired the American Army. The battle 
was fought in the fall of 1777. 

45. By what other name is this battle known ? 
Bemis Heights, or Stillwater. 

46. Describe Perry's Victory. 

In September of 1813, Commodore Perry, with his fleet of 
nine American vessels, went out to meet Commodore 
Barclay, who had command of the British fleet. The 
engagement was a complete victory for the Americans, 
thus giving them undisputed control of the Lakes. 

47. What was the dispatch Perry sent to General Harrison 

at the close of this battle ? 
" We have met the enemy, and they are ours — two ships, 
two brigs, one schooner, and a 'sloop." 

48. Describe the Battle of Gettysburg. 

On July 1, 2. and 3 the great Battle of Gettysburg, in Penn- 
sylvania, was fought, between the Confederate Army, 
under General Lee, and the Union Army, under General 
Meade. The result was a Lmion victory, and thus the 
Southern invasion of the North was checked. 

49. How loftg had Gene7'al Meade had command of the Union 

Army ? 
He had succeeded General Hooker on the 28th of the 
preceding month. 

50. Name all the Republics in the world. 

America, Argentine, Bolivia, Bremen, Chili, Colombia, 
Costa Rica, Ecuador, France, Guatemala, Hamburg, 
Hayti, Honduras, Liberia, Lubeck, Mexico, Nicaragua, 
Paraguay, Peru, San Domingo, San Salvador, Switzer- 
land, Uruguay, and Venezuela. . 

51. What is the form of Govemme7it of the United States of 

America f 
Pure Republic. President elected for four years, Senate 
for six years, and House of Representatives for two years. 



PROMISCUOUS. 79 



52. Describe the Government of the Argentine Republic. 

It is modeled after the Constitution of the United States. 

53. Describe the Government of Bolivia. 

The President is elected for life. One legislative body is 
elected for four years, one for eight years, and one for life. 

54. Describe the Government of B?'emen. 

Bremen is a free city of Germany, containing over 112,000 
inhabitants, and an area of one hundred square miles. 
It is governed by a Senate of eighteen members, forming 
the Executive, and a Legislative body of one hundred 
and fifty members. The former is presided over by two 
Burgomasters, one of whom is elected for six and one- 
half years, and the other for four years. 

55. Describe the Government of Chili. 

The President is elected for five years, Senate for six years, 
and Legislature for three years. Suffrage is universal to 
citizens who can read and write. 

56. What is the Government of Colombia ? 

President elected for two years ; Senate of twenty-seven 
members, and a Representative Chamber of sixty-one 
members. 

57. Describe the Government of Costa Rica. 

President elected for four years ; two Vice Presidents, and 
four Ministers. 

58. Describe the Government of Ecuador. 

The President is appointed by nine hundred electors. The 
Congress consists of a Senate of sixteen, and a House of 
thirty members. 

59. Describe the Government of France. 

President elected for seven years. A Senate of three hun- 
dred members, and a Chamber of Deputies of five 
hundred and thirty-two members. 

60. Describe the Government of Guatemala. 

Since the revolution of 187 1 the executive power has been 
invested in a President and four Cabinet officers. 



So PROMISCUOUS. 



61. Describe the Government of Hamburg. 

The Executive is vested in the two Houses : a Senate of 
eighteen members, who are elected for life, and a House 
of Burgesses. 

62. Describe the Government of Hayti. 

President elected for four years ; Assembly for the same 
time. 

63. Describe the Government of Honduras. 

President elected for four years, and an Assembly of thirty- 
seven members elected for the same time. 

64. Describe the Government of Liberia. 

The Constitution is modeled after the Constitution of the 
United States. 

65. Describe the Government of Lubeck. 

This "Free City and State" is in the German Confedera- 
tion, and is governed by a Senate of fourteen members, 
elected for life, and a House of one hundred and twenty 
members, elected for two years. 

66. Describe the Government of Mexico. 

President elected for four years, Senate for six years, and 
a House for two years. 

67. Describe the Government of Nicaragua. 

President elected for four years. Senate of ten members, 
and an Assembly of eleven members. 

68. Describe the Government of Paraguay. 

Since 1870 it has been only nominally a Republic, as it has 
been virtually governed by Brazil. 

69. Describe the Government of Peru. 

President elected for four years. A Senate of forty-four 
members, and a House of one hundred and ten mem- 
bers. 

70. Describe the Government of San Domingo. 

President is elected for six years, and a Senate of nine 
members elected for the same time, and a House of 
fifteen members. 



PROMISCUOUS. 



71. What is the Government of San Salvador? 

The President is elected for four years. The Senate of 
twelve, and House of twenty-four, are each elected for 
two years. Suffrage is universal, except servants and 
persons of illegal occupations. . 

72. Describe the Govermnent of Switzerland. 

The Executive consists of President, elected for one year, 
and a Council chosen for three years. The legislative 
power is vested in a body of one hundred and thirty-five 
members. 

73. Describe the Government of Uraguay. 

President, with four Cabinet officers, thirteen Senators, and 
forty Representatives. 

74. Describe the Government of Venezuela. 

The President is elected for two years. The Confederation 
is composed of twenty States, besides the Federal Dis- 
trict, each of which has a separate form of Government. 

75. Name all the Absolute Despotisms in the world. 

China, Russia. Persia, Turkey, Morocco, Tunis, Siam, and 
Japan. 

76. Name ten ruined cities of the world. 

Abydos, Agrigentum, Arsinoe, Corinth, Carthage, Delphi, 
Ephesis, Pompeii, Tyre, and Veii. 

77. When was Abydos destroyed? 

This city of Asia Minor was destroyed by the Turks in the 
year 1330 A. D. 

78. When and by whom was Agrigentum destroyed? 

This ancient city of Sicily was destroyed by the Cartha- 
ginians in the year 205 B. C. 

79. What happe?ied to the city of Arsinoe, in Egypt? 
It was allowed to go to ruin by neglect. 

80. When and by whom was Corinth destroyed? 
By Alaric, in the year 396 A. D. 



PROMISCUOUS. 



8 i . When and by whom was Carthage destroyed? 

This city of Africa was captured at different times by the 
Romans, and was finally destroyed by Hassan in the 
year 698 A. D. 

82. What caused the destruction of Delphi? 

This city, in Greece, was destroyed by war and decay, and 
was abandoned in the year 395 A. D. 

83. What happened the city of Ephesis ? 

Inundation and war plundered the city, which was finally 
destroyed by an earthquake in the year 17 A. D. 

84. What destroyed the city of Pompeii ? 

This city of Italy was destroyed by an eruption of Mt. 
Vesuvius in the year 79 A. D. 

85. What happened the city of Tyre ? 

The city of Tyre was sacked several times, and finally 
destroyed by the Turks in the year 15 16 A. D. 

86. What destroyed the city of Veii? - 

After a ten years' siege, it was taken by the Romans in the 
year 396 B. C. 

87. Who is the present Ruler of An stria- Hungary ? 

Francis Joseph, son of Archduke Franz Karl. He was 
born August 18, 1830. Married April 24, 1854, to Em- 
press Elizabeth, the daughter of Duke Maximilian, in 
Bavaria. 

88. Who is the Ruler of Bavaria ? 

King Ludwig II., born August 25, 1845, son °f Maximilian 
II. He was crowned King March 10 1864. 

89. Who will succeed Ludwig as King ? 

As he has no children he will be succeeded by his brother. 

90. Who is King of Belgium ? 

Leopold II., son of Leopold I.; born 1835; ascended the 
throne December 10, 1865. He was married in 1853*0 
a daughter of the Archduke Joseph, of Austria. 



PROMISCUOUS. 83 



9 1 . Who is the present King of Demiiark ? 

Christian IX., fourth son of the late Duke Wilhelm and 
Princess Louise, of Hesse-Cassel. Ascended the throne 
November 15, 1863. 

92. Who is the present Ruler of Germany ? 

Emperor William II., born January, 1859, an d son of 
Frederick III., who was Emperor of Germany and King 
of Prussia. William was married February 27, 18S1, to 
Augusta Victoria, daughter of the late Duke Von 
Schlesvvig-Holstein. 

93. Who is King of Wurtemburg, in Germany? 

Karl I., born March 6, 1823, and ascended the throne at 
the death of his father, King Wilhelm I. June 25, 1864. 

94. Whom did Karl I. marry ? 

Queen Olga, daughter of Nicholas I., of Russia. 

95. Who will succeed Karl I. to the throne ? 

One of his sisters, as he has neither brothers nor children. 

96. Who is King of Saxony ? 

Albert I., eldest son of King Johann I. He succeeded to 
the throne at the death of his father, October 29, 1873. 

97. Who is the Grand Duke of Baden ? 

Friedrich- I., born September 9, 1826, son of the Grand 
Duke Leopold I. He ascended the throne at the death 
of his father, April 24, 1852. 

98. Who is the Duke of Hesse? 

Ludwig IV., son of Prince Karl, who was the eldest brother 
of Ludwig III. In the year 1862 he married Princess 
Alice, the second daughter of Queen Victoria. He 
ascended the throne at the death of his uncle, Ludwig 
III., June 13, 1877. 

99. Who is the Ruler of Great Britain and Ireland ? 
Victoria I., daughter of Edward, Duke of Kent, who was 

the fourth son of King George III. She was born May 
24, 1 8 19, and ascended the throne at the death of her 
uncle, King William IV., June 20, 1837. 



M PROMISCUOUS. 



100. To whom was Queen Victoria married? 

To Prince Albert, of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, February jo, 
1840. 

1 01. When did Prince Albert die ? 

December 14, 1861, since which time Victoria has been a 
widow. 

102. How many children has Queen Victoria? 
Nine ; five daughters and four sons. 

103. Who is King of Greece ? 

Georgios I., born December 24, 1845, second son of Prince 
Christian, of Denmark. He was elected King by the 
National Assembly, at Athens, March 30, 1863. 

104. Who is the present King of Italy ? 

Umberto I., son of Emanuel II. He was born March 14, 

1844, and succeeded to the throne at the death of his 
father, January 9, 1878. 

105. Who is King of the Netherlands ? 

William III., eldest son of William II., born February 19, 
181 7, succeeded to the throne at the death of his father, 
March 17, 1849. 

106. Who is King of Portugal? 

Luis I., born October 31, 1838, son of Queen Maria II. and 
Prince Ferdinand, of Saxe-Coburg. He succeeded his 
brother, Pedro V., November 11, 1861. 

107. Who is Emperor of Russia ? 

Alexander III., son of Alexander II., was born March 10, 

1845, an( i succeeded to the throne on the assassination 
of his father, 1881. 

108. Who is the present King of Spain ? 

Alfonso XII., born November 28, 1857, son of Queen 
Isabel and Francisco, and was proclaimed King of 
Spain, at Madrid, December 31, 1874. 

109. Who is the King of Sweden and Norway ? 

Oscar II., third son of Oscar I. and Queen Josephine. He 
was born January 21, 1829, and succeeded to the throne 



PROMISCUOUS. 85 



at the xleath of his brother, King Carl XV., September 
18, 1872. 

1 10. Who is the present Sultan of Turkey ? 

Abdul-Hamid II., born September 22, 1842. He was 
second son of Abdul-Medjid, and succeeded to the 
throne on the deposition of his elder brother. 

in. Who is Prince of Bulgaria ? 

Alexander I., son of Alexander of Hesse; born April 5, 
1857. He was elected Prince by a vote of the Constitu- 
ent Assembly, April 29, 1879. 

112. Who is the Emperor of Brazil? 

Pedro II., son of Pedro I. ; born December 2, 1825 ; suc- 
ceeded to the throne on the abdication of his father, 
April 7, 1831. 

113. When was Pedro II. declared of age ? 
July 23, 1840. 

1 14. Who is the present Ruler of Egypt ? 

Mohammed Tewfik, born November 19, 1852, the son of 
Ismail II. He succeeded to the throne on the abdication 
of his father, August 8, 1879. 

115. Who is the present Sultan of Morocco f 
Muley-Hassan, born 1831; was the eldest son of Sidi- 

Muley-Mohammed, and ascended the throne at the 
death of his father, September 17, 1873. 

116. Who is the present Ruler of Tunis ? 

Sidi Ali, son of Sidy Ahsin ; was born October 5, 1817. He 
succeeded his brother October 28, 1882. 

117. Who is the present Emperor of China ? 

Tsait'ien, born 1871, son of Prince Ch'un ; succeeded to 
the throne by proclamation, January 22, 1875. 

118. Who is the Ruler of fapan ? 

Mutsu-Hito, born September 22, 1852 ; succeeded his 
father, Komei Tenno, in 1867. 

1 19. What is the title of the Ruler of fapan ? 
He is usually called Mikado. 



PROMISCUOUS. 



1 20. Who is the Ruler of Sia?n ? 

Chulalonkorn I., eldest son of King Maha, and was born 
September 21, 1853, and succeeded to the throne on the 
death of his father, October 1, 1868. 

121. How many effective war vessels has Great Britain ? 
About 250, manned by 57,000 men. 

122. What is the strength of the Navy of the United States f 
Number of effective vessels not over 35, with about 11,000 

men. 

123. What country has the largest Navy ? 
Russia. 

1 24. How large is the Navy of Russia ? * 
Number of effective vessels 360, well manned.- " 

125. What is the strength of the Navy of France ? 
France has 175 vessels, manned by 50,000 men. 

1 26. What is the strength of the Navy of Spain ? 

Number of effective vessels 150, manned by over 22,000 
men. 

127. What is the strength of the Navy of Germany ? 
Number of effective vessels 75, manned by about 13,000 

men. 

128. How many States are there in the German Empire? 
There are twenty-six different states or divisions. 

129. How many Districts or States are there in India ? 

There are two hundred and thirty-four in the entire British 
Territory. 

130. How many Governor- Generals has British India had? 

In all twenty-three. Warren Hastings was the first ap- 
pointed in the year 1772, and Earl Dufferin the last 
appointed in 1884. 

131. How many States in Mexico f 

There are twenty-eight States, and one Federal District. 

132. Who are supposed to be the first inhabita?its of Mexico ? 
The Toltecs must have inhabited the country from about 

the 7th century to the 12th. 



PROMISCUOUS. 87 



133. Who followed the Toltecs as inhabitants of Mexico ? 

The Aztecs, who were conquered by the Spaniards under 
Cortez in the year 15 19. 

1 34. What is known of the origin of the Toltecs ? 

It is shrouded in mystery, and all we know is that they 
came from the north, from some undefined locality 
which they called Tullau, and from whence they brought 
the first elements of civilization. 

135. Who occupied the Aztec throne when Cortez invaded the 

country f 
The Aztec ruler, Montezuma. 

1 36. What was the country called after it was conquered by the 

Spaniards f 
After the year 1540 it was called New Spain, and governed 
by Viceroys appointed by the mother country. 

137. When was the Independence of Mexico recognised? 
By all countries except Spain in the year 1825. 

1 38. When did Spain acknowledge the Independence of Mexico ? 
In the year 1836. 

139. What has been the condition of Mexico since its Inde- 

pendence ? 
It has been almost continually harrassed by war, revolu- 
tion and counter-revolution. 

140. Where is the Island of St. Helena ? 

Situated in the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean. 

141. What is the size and population of the Island? 

Length, ten miles ; greatest width, seven miles ; area, 
forty-seven square miles ; population, 6,230. 

142. Why is it named St. Helena ? 

Because it was discovered on St. Helen's day, May 22, 
1502. 

143. By whom was the Island discovered ? 

A Portuguese navigator by the name of Juan de Nova 
Castella. 



PROMISCUOUS. 



144. What historical fact is associated with this lonely Isle ? 

It being the place where Napoleon Bonaparte spent the 
last six years of his life in exile. 

145. Where is the Island of Malta ? 

In the Mediterranean Sea, south-east of Italy. 

146. To whom does it belong? 

. It is one of the British possessions, and on account of its 
position it is one of their strongest fortresses. 

147. What is the size of the Island ? 

Area, 115 square miles ; population, 150,000. 

148. What Biblical event is connected with the history of this 

Island ? 
On the north-east is the Port of St. Paul, and in this port 
the vessel which carried St. Paul to Rome was wrecked. 

149. What is the Capital of Malta ? 

Valecta is the capital of Malta, and of some other islands 
which lie near. 

1 50. How was Sovereign rule effected by the invention of g7in- 

powder? 
It gave them the benefit of regular standing armies. 

151. What led to the Reformation ? 

The separation of the northern nations of Europe from the 
Roman Church was one of the greatest causes. 

152. Who was Thomas Wolsey ? 

He was chief minister to King Henry VIII. of England. 

153. What may be said of his buildings ? 

They almost equaled the palaces of the king. 

154. What was Wolsey 's policy toward the Crown? 

On account of unkept promises he became a bitter oppo- 
nent of Queen Catharine. 

155. Where is the Republic of Liberia ? 

On the coast of Upper Guinea, in the western part of Africa. 

1 56. What is the size of Liberia ? 

About 500 miles along the coast, and 50 miles wide. 



PROMISCUOUS. 



1 57. When was it organized f 

In the year 1821 a treaty was made with the native princes 
by which the territory was acquired. 

1 58. Who procured the territory f 

The American Colonization Society, of which Henry Clay- 
was President. 

159. What was the object of the Society ? 

To found a colony for emancipated Negroes, and of giving 
them favorable opportunities for self-improvement. 

160. How much land was allotted to each man ? 

Each man was given thirty acres, with the means of im- 
proving it. 

161. How was it governed ? 

At first by the society, but it finally became independent. 

162. What is the Capital of Liberia ? 

The town of Monrovia, named in honor of President 
Monroe. 

163. When did Liberia beco7ne an independent Republic? 

In the year 1847 it was left to its own resources, and de- 
clared an independent Republic, and the government 
committed to a President, Senate, and House of Repre- 
sentatives. 

164. What is the present condition of Liberia ? 

Very prosperous, with more schools and churches in pro- 
portion to the inhabitants than Britain or America. 
Population at present nearly 800,000, over 50,000 of 
which speak the English language. 

165. What are the principal exports of Liberia ? 
Sugar, cocoa, cotton, coffee, rice, and arrow-root. 

166. Ls there any other Coloiiy in the world that was organized 

for the same purpose as that of Liberia ? 
Sierra Leone, just north of Liberia, was organized in 1787 
to be the home of destitute Negroes. 



90 PROMISCUOUS. 



167. By whom was Sierra Leone organized f 

A company of philanthropists in London, who sent there 
at one time 470 Negroes. 

168. Has there been any Negroes sent to Sierra Leone from 

America ? 
In the year 1790 there were 1,200 sent there from Nova 
Scotia on account of the climate of the latter place being 
too severe for them. 

169. What is the size of the Colony of Sierra Leone ? 

Area 470 square miles, with a population of about 60,000. 

1 70. What is the p?-esent condition of the Colony ? 
Not very prosperous, as the climate is unhealthy. 

171. What are the productions of the Colojiy f 
Coffee, cotton, sugar, and indigo. 

172. Where a?id what are the Dry Tortugas f 

Ten small islands belonging to the United States, situated 
at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico, 120 miles from 
Cape Sable. 

173. What noted criminals are kept on these islands? 
Michael O'Laughhn, Dr. Samuel A. Mudd, and Samuel 

Arnold, all sentenced to imprisonment for life for con- 
spiracy in the assassination of President Lincoln. 

174. When was the Continent of Australia first colonized ? 
In the year 1788, by English convicts. 

175. How many were first taken to Australia ? 

About 1 ,000, with their officers, were taken from the prisons 
of England. 

176. What did these prisoners do t 

They began to work and cultivate the soil, and many of 
them reformed their lives and became useful citizens. 

177. What was the first settlement made in Australia ? 
Sydney, now a city of nearly 200,000 inhabitants. 

178. When was gold discovered in Australia ? 

It was first discovered, in the District of Victoria, in the 
year 185 1. 



PROMISCUOUS. 91 



179. What effect did the discovery of gold have on immigration ? 
A vast number of adventurers soon began to flock to the 

country. 

180. What effect has the prosperity of Australia had on the 

neighboring islands ? 
A good effect. The chiefs of New Zealand acknowledged 
Queen Victoria as their sovereign in the year 1840, and 
the native Maoris have gladly accepted Christian teach- 
ing. 

181. What have the Fiji islanders done f 

They have lately put themselves under the protection of 
the British Queen, and sent her their war club, which for 
years has been used as their scepter. 
] 82. What kind of climate has Neiu Zealand ? 

It is not surpassed by any country in the world for richness 
of soil and healthfulness of climate. 

183. What may be said of the skillfulness of the inhabitants of 

these islands ? 
They are very skillful in war, and are dangerous enemies 
when they are provoked to hostility. 

184. What is the area of New Zealand? 

The entire territory, including three islands, is over 100,000 
square miles. 

185. How does England 's foreign possessions compare in area 

with the ■ United Kingdom ? 
They are about sixty times as great as Great Britain. 

186. What is the extent of England 's foreign possessions ? 
About one-seventh of the land surface of the globe, and 

about one-fourth of its population. 

187. How many Colonial Governors does it take to rule Great 

Britain 's foreign possessions ? 
In all forty, of which four are in Europe, eleven in or near 
America, ten in or near Africa, seven in Asia, and eight 
in Australia. 



9 2 



PROMISCUOUS. 



1 88. Name the European colonies of Great Britaift. 
Heligoland, Gibraltar, Malta, and Cyprus. 

189. Name all the American possessions of Great Britain. 

The Bahamas, the Bermudas, Dominion of Canada, the 
Falkland Islands, Guiana, Honduras, Jamaica, the Lee- 
ward Islands, Newfoundland, Trinidad, and the Wind- 
ward Islands. 

1 90. Name the possessions of Great Britain in or near Africa. 
Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Cape Colony, Transvaal, Natal, 

Bathurst, Ascension Island, St. Helena, Mauritius, and 
Seychelle Islands. 

191. Name all the British colonies in or near Asia. 

India, the town of Aden, the island of Ceylon, the " Straits 
Settlements," the island of Hong Kong, and two other 
small islands. 

192. Name all the British possessions in or near Australia. 
New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, 

Western Australia, Tasmania," New Zealand, and 
Borneo. 

193. What and where is Heligoland ? 

It is a small island in the North Sea, of about one-fifth of 
a square mile in area. It is important on account of the 
fisheries. A light-house is situated on the island. 

194. Of what benefit to Great Britain is Gibraltar f 
It is one of the strongest forts in the world. 

195. What and where is Cy pries ? 

It is an island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Asia 
Minor. The island is 150 miles long, and 55 miles wide, 
with an area of 3,700 square miles, and a population of 
1 50,000. 

1 96. What is peculiar about its government ? 

By treaty it is a Turkish possession, but is governed en- 
tirely by England, 



promiscuous. 93 



197. Where are the Bahamas? 

A group of about 2,000 small islands, only twenty of which 
are inhabited. They are situated south-east of Florida. 
The entire area is about 3,000 square miles, with 40,000 
inhabitants. 

198. Which one of the islands contains the Capital? 
New Providence. 

199. What is the Capital of the Bahamas ? 

Nassau is the seat of government, and has a beautiful 
harbor. 

200. Where are the Bermudas? 

They are in the. Atlantic Ocean, south-east of the United 
States, and consist of about 500 islets, only about fifteen 
of which are inhabited. 

201. What is the total area of the Bermuda Islands ? 
Only about 12,000 acres. 

202. Why are these islands called Bermuda ? 

On account of their discovery, in 1527, by a Spaniard 
named Bermudez. 

203. By what other name are they known ? 

Sommers, from Sir George Sommers, whose shipwreck 
here in 1609 was the immediate cause of their being col- 
onized. 

204. Where are the Falkland Islands ? 

They are about 300 miles north-east of the Strait of Magel- 
lan. There are 200 islands, with an area of 65,000 
square miles, with a population of 1,200. 

205. How long have they belonged to Great Britain ? 
Since 1771, and in 1833 they began to be settled. 

206. What is said of their positioti ? 

It is, as a whole, the most southern organized colony of 
England. 

207. Where is Guiana ? 

In the north-eastern part of South America, and is Eng- 
land's only possession in South America. 



94 PROMISCUOUS. 



208. Where is the Colony of Honduras ? 

British Honduras is England's only colony in Central 
America. 

209. Where is the Island of Jamaica ? 

One of the West India Islands, about ninety miles south of 
Cuba. Area, 6,500 square miles; population, 600,000. 

210. Why is it called Jamaica ? 

The word Jamaica means " Land of wood and water," 
and it was so called on account of the heavy timber and 
quantity of water found on the island. 

211. Where are the Leeward and Windward Islands ? 
These groups are both parts of the Antilles —the Leeward 

referring to those north of fifteen degrees north latitude, 
and Windward referring to those south of the fifteenth 
parallel. 

212. Where is the island of 'Newfoundland? 

In the Atlantic Ocean, near the mouth of the St. Lawrence 
River. It is 370 miles long, 290 miles wide, with a cir- 
cumference of 1 ,000 miles, and an area of 40,000 square 
miles, with a population of 200,000. 

213. Where is the island of Trinidad? 

It is the most southerly of the West India Islands. 

214. What is the size of the island ? 

Length 50 miles, and about 40 miles wide ; population 
about 1 10,000. 

215. When and by whom was the island discovered ? 
By Columbus, in the year 1498. 

216. What is Great Britain s most extensive Colony in Asia ? 
British India, with an area of 874,220 square miles. 

217. What is the population of British India ? 

According to the report of 1881 it was 198,755,993, or 
about one seventh of the population of the globe. 

218. Into how ma7iy Districts is India divided? 

The districts are 234, with 544,855 towns and villages. 



PROMISCUOUS. 



95 



219. What is meant by Village in India f 

About the same as Township in America, referring to a 
small territory rather than a collection of houses. 

220. Who is Empress of India ? 

In 1877 by an act of Parliament Queen Victoria assumed 
the title of Empress of India. 

221. In whom is the home government of India vested? 

It is vested in the Secretary of State, who is a member of 
the English Cabinet. 

222. Who assists the Secretary of State ? 

An under secretary and a council of fifteen members. 

223. Who is the Chief Executive of the govermnent. 

The Viceroy, or Governor General, who is appointed by the 
Crown of England, for the term of six years. 

224. Does the Viceroy have a Cabinet? 

He is assisted by a council of five members, three of 
whom are appointed by the Secretary of State, and two 
by Her Majesty's warrant. 

225. How many Viceroys, or Governors, has India had? 
There have been twenty-three appointed by the Crown of 

Great Britain. 

226. Name all the Governors of India, with the dates of their 

appointments. 
Warren Hastings, 1772; Sir J. McPherson, 1785; Earl 
Cornwallis, 1786; Sir John Shore, 1793; Marquis Wel- 
lesley, 1798 ; Marquis Cornwallis, 1805 ; Sir G. Barlow, 
1805; Earl of Minto, 1807; Earl Moira, 1813 ; Earl 
Amherst, 1823 ; W. Bentinck, 1828 ; Lord Auckland, 
1835 I Lord Ellenborough, 1842 ; Sir H. Hardings, 1844; 
Earl Dalhousie, 1847 ; Lord Canning, 1855 ; Lord Elgin, 
1862; John Lawrence, 1863; Earl of Mayo, 1868; Lord 
Northbrook, 1872; Lord Lytton, 1876; Marquis of 
Ripon, 1880; Earl Dufferin, 1884. 



9 6 



PROMISCUOUS. 



227. Has France any possessions in India ? 

France owns some small tracts with a total area of 200 
square miles, and a population of about 300,000. 

228. Describe the City of Aden. 

It is situated at the entrance of the Red Sea. The name 
Aden is also given to the small valley in which the city 
is situated. It has a beautiful climate on account of the 
sea breeze. 

229. What was the City called by the Arabs ? 

Eden, as it is a place of almost perpetual sunshine, and a 
cloudy day is scarcely ever seen. 

230. Why is Aden of any benefit to England? 

Because of its location, having a position between Asia 
and Africa, like that of Gibraltar between Europe and 
Africa. 

231 . What has caused the rapid growth of Aden ? 

The opening of the Suez Canal, in 1869, and now it num- 
bers over 30,000. 

232. What may be said of its inhabitants ? 

It is composed of representatives of all nations gathered 
from all parts of the earth. 

233. Where is the Island of Ceylon f 

It is situated in the Indian Ocean, sfeuth-east of Hindostan, 
from which it is separated by the Gulf of Manaar and 
Palk's Strait. 

234. What is the size of the Island of Ceylon ? 

Greatest length 271 miles, width 138 miles, with an area 
of 25,000 square miles. 

235. What is the principal city of Ceylon ? 
The city of Kandy is the most important. 

236. What is the popula-tion of the Island? 
It is about 3,000,000. 

237. In what does the wealth of the Island consist? 

In the botanical production of which some specimens are 
very rare ; also in precious stones, metals; etc, 



PROMISCUOUS. q~ 



238. Name some of the antiquities of Ceylon. 

The ruined cities, which have been unearthed revealing 
monuments which almost equal those of the Nile in 
Egypt. 

239. What are some of the special forms of the monuments t 
Lave Tanks or Reservoirs. About thirty large reservoirs 

still exist, and also about 700 small tanks. 

240. Who assists the Governor- General in the management of 

the governme7i t ? 
An Executive Council of five members, and a Legislative 
Council of fifteen members. 

241. What is meant by the Straits Settlements ? 

They are the British settlements in the Strait of Malacca. 

242. Where is the Strait of Malacca ? 

South-east of Asia, and separates the Malay Peninsula 
from the Island of Sumatra. It is about 500 miles long, 
and varies from 25 to 200 miles in width. 

243. What islands comprise the British settlements in this 

Strait? 
Malacca and Prince of Wales Island, also the town of 
Singapore. 

244. What is the area and population of these settlements? 
Area, 1,350 square miles, and population, 300,000. 

245. What is the capital of these settlements ? 
The city of Singapore. 

246. Where is the island of Hong-Kong ? 

It is off the coast of China, 100 miles south-east of Canton. 

247. What is the size of the island? 

Area, 29 square miles. Its capital is Victoria ; population, 
1 50,000. 

248. When did England come into possession of the island of 

Hong-Kong ? 
In the year 1843 it was ceded to Her Britannic Majesty by 
the treaty of Nankin, 



PROMISCUOUS. 



249. Describe the British Colo?iy of New South Wales. 

It is located in the south-eastern part of Australia. Its 
present area is 309,175 square miles, and population 
nearly 1,000,000. The capital is Sydney, which has 
a population of 250,000. 

250. Of what use did England make of New South Wales from 

the year 1788 to 1840 ? 
It was used as a home for British criminals, and during 
those years about 60,000 convicts were transported to 
the colony. 

251. Were there any female convicts sent to the colony ? 
There were about 8,000 women sent as convicts. 

252. Do the residents have anything to do in the management 

of the government? 
The permanent residents elect the House of Represen- 
tatives. 

253. Describe the British Colony of Queensland. 

It is a very prosperous colony of north-east Australia, and 
comprises an area of 668,224 square miles, or about 
twelve times the size of England and Wales. It is the 
best watered of any part of Australia, and is sometimes 
called the " Land of rivers and streams." 

254. What city is the seat of government for the colony ? 
The city of Brisbane, with a population of 27,000. 

255. What legal measure has contributed greatly to the increase 

of itnmigration to the colony ? 
The system of free grants of land to persons who pay 
full passage fare has had the desired effect of inducing 
both laborers and capitalists to go there in great num- 
bers. 

256. What may be said i?i regard to the fertility of the soil? 
The soil is exceedingly fertile, producing two crops in one 

year. The yield of wheat is often from forty to sixty 
bushels per acre. 



PROMISCUOUS* 



99 



257. What are the principal exports of Queensland? 

Wool, tallow, gold, copper, cotton, stock, timber and pro- 
visions. 

258. Who assists the Governor in the management of the gov- 

ernment ? 
An Executive Council, and a Legislative Assembly of 
twenty-one members, appointed by the Crown of Eng- 
land for life, and also a House of thirty-two members, 
elected by the people for a term of five years. 

259. What is the population of Queensland? 
About 300,000. 

260. Describe the Colony of South Australia. 

It is a Colony established in 1834, and originally referred 
to the southern part of Australia, but now includes the 
entire central part of the Australian Continent. 

261. For what is South Australia important ? 
Its great pasture lands and mineral wealth. 

262. What may be said of its climate ? 

It is healthy, being free from epidemic diseases. 

263. What months of the year are the hottest ? 
December, January, February, and March. 

264. Who assists the Governor in the management of the gov- 

ern?nent ? 
A Legislative Council and a House of Assembly, both of 
which are elected by the people. 

265. Who is the present Governor- General of South Australia ? 
William F. Drummond Jervois, who was appointed in the 

year 1877. 

266. What is the capital of the colony ? 
The city of Adelaide. 

267. What is the area and poptdation of the colony ? 

Area, 904,000 square miles, with a population of about 
600,000. 



100 PROMISCUOUS. 



268. Describe the British Colony of Victoria. 

It is situated in the south-east corner of Australia, and has 
an area of 87,884 square miles, with a population of about 
1 ,000,000. 

269. How is the colony divided ? 

It is divided into four separate districts, and thirty-seven 
counties. 

270. What is the seat of government for the colony ? 

The city of Melbourne, which has a population of 300,000. 

271. Where is the Colony of West Australia ? 

It is that part of the Australian Continent situated west of 
the 129th meridian, and bounded on the other three sides 
by the Indian Ocean. 

272. What is the principal river of West Australia ? 
The Swan and its tributaries. 

273. What name was formerly given to this section ? 
The Swan River Settlement. 

274. What is the area and population of the colony ? 

Area, 975,920 square miles, with a population of about 
40,000. 

275. When was the colo?iy established ? 
In the year 1829. 

276. What is the capital of the colony ? 
The City of Perth. 

277. Describe the British Colony of Tasmania. 

It is an Island lying to the south of Australia, and separated 
from it by Bass Strait. Its greatest length is 240 miles, 
and greatest width is 200 miles. Its area, including a 
few small islets near by, is 26,215 square miles. 

278. When and by whom was the island discovered? 

In the year 1642 by Abel Tasman, who named the island 
Van Diemen's Land, in honor of his patron, the Gover- 
nor of the Dutch possessions in East India. 



PROMISCUOUS. JOI 

279. When was the first permanent settlement made ? 

In the year 1803 by Lieutenant Bowen, who was sent from 
Sydney with a company of convicts. 

280. When was' the colo?iy separated from New South Wales ? 
In the year 1825 it became a separate colony. 

281. What is the capital of the colony f 

Hobart Town, which has a population Of 22,000. 

282. What is the entire population of the colony ? 
About 130,000. 

283. Who assists the Governor in the management of the gov- 

ernment ? 
Two Houses ; one of sixteen members, and one of thirty-two 
members. 

284. Describe New Zealand. 

It is a British colony in the south Pacific Ocean, consisting 
of three islands and several small islets along their 
coasts. The total area of the colony is 104,050 square 
miles. 

285. How do the three islands of the colony compare in size ? 
The north island is 500 miles long and 200 miles wide. 

The middle island is 550 miles long and 210 miles wide. 
The south island, or Stewart's island, as it is usually 
called, is much smaller, having an area of only 900 
square miles. 

286. How are the islands separated ? 

The north is separated from the middle by Cook's Strait, 
which is 18 miles wide at the east end and 90 miles wide 
at the west end. The middle island is separated from 
Stewart's by the Strait of Foveaux, which averages 
about 20 miles wide. 

287 . Who discovered New Zealand ? 

It was discovered by Tasman in 1642, and afterwards by 
Captain Cook, who surveyed the coasts in 1770. 



102 PROMISCUOUS. 



288 What is the seat of government for the colony ? 

The city of Wellington, which was laid out in 1840, and 
now has a population of 12,000. 

289. Describe the island of Borneo. 

It is situated in the Indian Ocean between Australia and 
Asia. Its length is 800 miles and width about 700 miles, 
with an area of 300,000 square miles and a population 
of 2,000,000. 

290. What may be said of the vegetation of Borneo ? 

It is extremely luxuriant, producing all kinds of tropical 
fruits and spices. 

291 . What may be said of the animals of Borneo ? 

They are very numerous, consisting of both land and water 
animals. 

292. Does Eitgland ow?i all the island of Borneo f 

It does not. By far the greater part of the island belongs to 
the Dutch. England's possessions are in the north-west- 
ern part. 

293. What other country has possessions in Borneo f 

Besides England and the Dutch, the Portuguese effected a 
settlement on the island in the year 1690. 

294. Name ten of the most i77iportant i?zventions of history. 
Steam engine, by James Watt, 1769 A. D. Sewing ma- 
chine, 1790. Cotton-gin by Eli Whitney, 1793. Steam 
locomotive, 1802. Gas light, 1815. Telegraph, 1844. 
Submarine Cable, 1850. Photo-engraving, 1852. Tele- 
phones, 1874. Phonograph, 1877. 

295. Name five Great Public Works of history. 

Suez Canal, opened November, 1869. Pacific Railway, 
completed 1869. Mont Cenis Tunnel, completed Sep- 
tember, 1 87 1. " Hoosac Tunnel, completed November, 
1873. The Submarine Cable from Ireland to Newfound- 
land, 1858 to 1866. 



PROMISCUOUS. 



I03 



296. Who were the first Arctic explorers f 

The Icelanders and the Northmen, but their labors were 
in vain, as no strict account was kept of their voyages. 

297. Who made the first important voyage to the north. 

John and Sebastian Cabot, who landed in Labrador and 
started north, but did not get further than 67 ° 30 / north. 

298. Who made the next important voyage ? 

Several persons made the attempt but none succeeded in 
getting further than the Cabots, till in 1607 Henry Hud- 
son reached latitude 8o°. 

299. Name some explorers who made the atte7npt to reach the 

North Pole. 
Davis, 1585-7. Baffin, 1616. Behring, 1741. Mackenzie, 
1789. Parry, 1818, and Sir John Franklin, the same year. 
They returned after reaching latitude 8o° 34/ but re- 
newed the effort the next year. 

300. What was the result of their second voyage f 

Parry came so near the Magnetic Pole that his compass 
was useless, and passed beyond the 100th meridian, 
thereby receiving the reward of Parliament of $25,000. 

301 . Who made the next important voyage ? 

Ross renewed the effort and discovered the Magnetic 
Pole in latitude 70 5' 17" and longitude 96 46' 45". 

302. What fatal disease attacked his crew ? 

Scurvy, to such an extent that he had to abandon his ships. 

303. What became of Sir fohn Franklin f 

After several expeditions to different places, he prepared 
for another journey to the North, and on May 19, 1845, 
set sail with two vessels, the Erebus and the Terror. On 
July 26, 1845, tne two steamers were sighted by a whale- 
ship in latitude 74 48 / and longitude 66° 13' anchored 
to an iceberg. This is the last time either of the vessels 
were ever seen. The crews were all lost, and relics of 
the crew and vessels were afterward found by different 
explorers. 



ro4 promiscuous. 



304. What important paper was found by Captain McClintock ? 
A paper was found bearing date of May 28, 1847, stating 

that they were all well, and on the margin of which was 
a note bearing date of April 25, 1848, stating that Sir 
John Franklin had died June 11, 1847, an d that the total 
loss up to that time amounted to twenty-four persons. 

305. What was the important expedition of 1877 ? 

That organized by G. W. DeLong of the United States 
Navy, the expenses of which were provided by James 
G. Bennett, of the New York Herald. 

306. What was the name of the vessel? 

It was named Jeannette, in honor of Mr. Bennett's sister. 

307 . When did the Jeannette start on her voyage ? 
On the 8th of July, 1879. 

308. What became of the vessel? 

It was caught in the icebergs on June 12, 1881, and crushed 
so badly that it sank. 

309. What became of the crew? 

The crew escaped from the sinking vessel, and also saved 
all their provisions. 

310. What finally became of the explorers? 

DeLong and nearly all of his party died from fatigue and 
exposure, and their bodies were finally brought home 
from near the delta of the Lena river on the frozen shore 
of Siberia. 

311. Of all the Arctic expeditions, which one was most fruitful 

of scie7ttific discoveries ? 
The Greely Expedition, which was organized at the expense 
of the government of the United States. 

312. Who were instrumental in securing the appropriation from 

Congress ? 
General Hazen, of the Signal Service Department, and 
A. W. Greely, Assistant to the chief signal officer. 



PROMISCUOUS. 105 



313. How many men composed the organization of the expe- 

dition ? 
Officers and men in all twenty-four, who were chosen from 
different branches of the army. 

314. Who were the men who composed the party ? 

F. B. Kislingbury, J. B. Lockwood, Dr. O. Pavey, E. Israel, 
W. S. Jewell, G. W. Rice, D. C. Ralston, H. S. Gardiner, 
W. H. Cross, D. L. Brainerd, D.Linn, N. Nalor, J. Elison, 
C. B. Henry, M. Connell, J. Bender, Wm. Whistler, H. 
Biederbick, J. Fredericks, W. A. Ellis, R. R. Schneider, 
and F. Long. 

315. When and from where did the expedition start? 
On July 7, 1 88 1, from St. Johns, Newfoundland. 

316. What was the name of their vessel ? 
The Proteus. 

317. Where was the first landing made ? 

At Upernavik on July 24, where they remained five days. 

318. What Fort did Lieutenant Greely establish f 

Fort Conger, which he named in honor of Senator Conger, 
of Michigan. At this fort everything needed was pro- 
vided and provisions sufficient for two years. 

319. What was the furthest point north reached by the explor- 

ing party ? 
On May 13, 1884, Lieut. Lockwood and Sergeant Brainerd 
reached Lockwood Island, latitude 83 24' north, and 
longitude 44 $' west. 

320. What did they observe to the north of them ? 

North and north-west the Polar Ocean was seen, and to the 
north-east land, which they named Cape Robert Lincoln, 
latitude 83 35'. 

32 1 . What was the result of the Greely expedition ? 

Great suffering and death reduced their mumber, till when 
they were finally rescued only Greely and six of his men 
were found alive. 



io6 PROMISCUOUS. 



322. What is the highest point ever reached by man t 

That of the members of the Greely Expedition, 83 24/ '. 

323. From the observations of the explorers what is the belief in 

regard to the North Pole ? 
They express the belief that around the pole there is an 
open sea, where the temperature is not so so severe as it 
is some distance from the pole. 

324. What has been the result of explorations into the Antarctic 

regions ? 
Navigators have never succeeded in getting as far south as 
they have north, on account of the climate being more 
severe. 

325. Why is it colder at the South Pole tha?i it is at the North 

Pole ? 
On account of the great extent of water in the region of 
the South Pole and the absence of land areas. 



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